Subclass of:

• crmsci:S4 Observation

Scope note:

This class comprises activities of S4 Observation (substance) where an E39 Actor encounters an instance of E18 Physical Thing of a kind relevant for the mission of the observation or regarded as potentially relevant for some community (identity). This observation produces knowledge about the existence of the respective thing at a particular place in or on surrounding matter. This knowledge may be new to the group of people the actor belongs to. In that case we would talk about a discovery. The observer may recognize or assign an individual identity of the thing encountered or regard only the type as noteworthy in the associated documentation or report.

In archaeology there is a particular interest if an object is found “in situ”, i.e. if its embedding in the surrounding matter supports the assumption that the object was not moved since the archaeologically relevant deposition event. The surrounding matter with the relative position of the object in it as well as the absolute position and time of the observation may be recorded in order to enable inferences about the history of the object.

In Biology, additional parameters may be recorded like the kind of ecosystem, if the biological individual survives the observation, what detection or catching devices have been used or if the encounter event supported the detection of a new biological kind (“taxon”).

Examples:

• the finding, by Prof. Stampolidis, of a complete skeleton, in situ, at the site of Eleutherna during the archaeological excavation carried out by the University of Crete in 2007 (S19) (Bonn-Muller, 2010).
• the detection of lagocephalos_Sceleratus was carried out with the trawler 419 in the Mediteranean sea, during the first week of August 2014 (S19) (Bekiari et al., 2014).
• the encounter of the marble floor of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum during the digging of a well in 1750 (S19) (Sider, 1990, p. 536).
• the encounter of oak planks from a ship during a dig in a mound at the farm Lille Oseberg in Norway in 1908 (S19) (Ferguson, 2009, p.10-11).

In First Order Logic:

• S19(x) ⇒ S4(x)

Outgoing properties:

• crmsci:O19 encountered object (was object encountered through) → crm:E18 Physical Thing
• crmsci:O21 encountered at (witnessed encounter) → crm:E53 Place