Subclass of:

• crm:E1 CRM Entity

Superclass of:

• crm:E39 Actor
• crm:E70 Thing

Scope note:

This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names.

Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or disappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics used should be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time.

The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described or referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. On the opposite, the identity of a (version of a) text of a scientific publication is given by the exact arrangement of its relevant symbols.

The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope of the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.

An instance of E77 Persistent Item does not require actual knowledge of the identifying features of the instance being currently known. There may be cases, where the actual identifying features of an instance of E77 Persistent Item are not decidable at a particular state of knowledge.

Examples:

Leonard da Vinci (E21) (Strano, 1953)

Stonehenge (E24) (Pryor, 2016)

the hole in the ozone layer (E4) (Hufford and Horwitz, 2005)

the First Law of Thermodynamics (E89) (Craig and Gislason, 2002)

the Bermuda Triangle (E53) (Dolan, 2005)

In First Order Logic:

• E77(x) ⇒ E1(x)

Outgoing properties:

• sdh:P22 has quantifiable quality (is quantifiable quality of) (1,1:0,n) → sdh:C28 Quantifiable Quality

Incoming properties:

• crm:E5 Event → crm:P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at) (0,n:1,n)
• crm:E63 Beginning of Existence → crm:P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by) (1,1:1,n)
• crm:E64 End of Existence → crm:P93 took out of existence (was taken out of existence by) (0,1:1,n)
• sdh:C23 Use → sdh:P32 is use of (is used by) (0,n:1,1)
• sdh:C60 Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation → sdh:P79 is involvement of (has involvement) (0,n:1,1)
• sdh:C3 Epistemic Situation → sdh:P91 involves (is involved in) (0,n:0,1)
• sdh-slc:C14 Holding of a Right or Obligation → sdh-slc:P8 is subjection of (is subject to) (0,n:1,1)
• sdh-slc:C29 Legal Quality Acquisition → sdh-slc:P43 is acquisition by (acquires) (0,n:1,1)
• sdh-slc:C27 Legal Fact → sdh-slc:P52 is legal fact of (has legal fact) (0,n:1,1)