Observation – S4
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S4 Observation
Subclass of:
Superclass of:
Scope note:
This class comprises the activity of gaining scientific knowledge about particular states of physical reality gained by
empirical evidence, experiments and by measurements. We define observation in the sense of natural sciences, as a kind of human activity:
at some Place and within some Time-Span, certain Physical Things and their behavior and interactions are observed, either directly by
human sensory impression, or enhanced with tools and measurement devices. The output of the internal processes of measurement devices that
do not require additional human interaction are in general regarded as part of the observation and not as additional inference. Manual
recordings may serve as additional evidence. Measurements and witnessing of events are special cases of observations. Observations result
in a belief about certain propositions. In this model, the degree of confidence in the observed properties is regarded to be “true” per
default, but could be described differently by adding a property P3 has note to an instance of S4 Observation, or by reification of the
property O16 observed value. Primary data from measurement devices are regarded in this model to be results of observation and can be
interpreted as propositions believed to be true within the (known) tolerances and degree of reliability of the device. Observations
represent the transition between reality and propositions in the form of instances of a formal ontology, and can be subject to data
evaluation from this point on.
Examples:
No example yet.
In First Order Logic:
- S4(x) ⇒ E13(x)
Outgoing properties:
- crmsci:O8 observed (was observed by) → crmsci:S15 Observable Entity
- crmsci:O9 observed property type (property type was observed by) → crmsci:S9 Property Type
- crmsci:O16 observed value (value was observed by) → crm:E1 CRM Entity
- crm-sup:P30 observed entity type (entity type is observed by) (0,n:0,n) → crm-sup:C32 Observed Entity Type
Scope notes
Scope note
This class comprises the activity of gaining scientific knowledge about particular states of physical reality gained by
empirical evidence, experiments and by measurements. We define observation in the sense of natural sciences, as a kind of human activity:
at some Place and within some Time-Span, certain Physical Things and their behavior and interactions are observed, either directly by
human sensory impression, or enhanced with tools and measurement devices. The output of the internal processes of measurement devices that
do not require additional human interaction are in general regarded as part of the observation and not as additional inference. Manual
recordings may serve as additional evidence. Measurements and witnessing of events are special cases of observations. Observations result
in a belief about certain propositions. In this model, the degree of confidence in the observed properties is regarded to be “true” per
default, but could be described differently by adding a property P3 has note to an instance of S4 Observation, or by reification of the
property O16 observed value. Primary data from measurement devices are regarded in this model to be results of observation and can be
interpreted as propositions believed to be true within the (known) tolerances and degree of reliability of the device. Observations
represent the transition between reality and propositions in the form of instances of a formal ontology, and can be subject to data
evaluation from this point on.
| Show | Scope note | Language | Namespace | View details | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| This class comprises the activity of gaining scientific knowledge about particular states of physical reality gained by empirical evidence, experiments and by measurements. We define observation in the sense of natural sciences, as a kind of human activity: at some Place and within some Time-Span, certain Physical Things and their behavior and interactions are observed, either directly by human sensory impression, or enhanced with tools and measurement devices. The output of the internal processes of measurement devices that do not require additional human interaction are in general regarded as part of the observation and not as additional inference. Manual recordings may serve as additional evidence. Measurements and witnessing of events are special cases of observations. Observations result in a belief about certain propositions. In this model, the degree of confidence in the observed properties is regarded to be “true” per default, but could be described differently by adding a property P3 has note to an instance of S4 Observation, or by reification of the property O16 observed value. Primary data from measurement devices are regarded in this model to be results of observation and can be interpreted as propositions believed to be true within the (known) tolerances and degree of reliability of the device. Observations represent the transition between reality and propositions in the form of instances of a formal ontology, and can be subject to data evaluation from this point on. | en | CRMsci version 1.2.3 | 0 |
Examples
| Show | Example | Language | Namespace | View details | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No data available in table | |||||
Additional notes
Identifier: S4
Official URI: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/CRMsci/S4_Observation
OntoME URI: https://ontome.net/ontology/c369
Labels
| Label | Language | Last updated | View details | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observation | en | 2022-09-13 | 0 |
* : Standard label for this language
Namespace
| Namespace | Last updated |
|---|---|
| CRMsci version 1.2.3 | 2021-05-07 |
| CRMsci version 2.0 | 2022-09-13 |
Parent classes
| Class | Class namespace | Relation defined in | Justification | View details | Edit | Delete | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E13 Attribute Assignment | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | CRMsci version 1.2.3 | 0 |
Ancestor classes
| Class | Depth | Class namespace | Via |
|---|---|---|---|
| E7 Activity | 2 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 |
| C46 Intentional Expression | 2 | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing | E13 |
| E5 Event | 3 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - E7 |
| E7 Activity | 3 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - C46 |
| C10 Intentional Event | 3 | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing | E13 - C46 |
| E4 Period | 4 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - E7 - E5 |
| E5 Event | 4 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - C46 - E7 |
| C4 Intention | 4 | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing | E13 - C46 - C10 |
| E2 Temporal Entity | 5 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - E7 - E5 - E4 |
| E4 Period | 5 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - C46 - E7 - E5 |
| E92 Spacetime Volume | 5 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - E7 - E5 - E4 |
| C1 Entity Quality | 5 | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing | E13 - C46 - C10 - C4 |
| E1 CRM Entity | 6 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - E7 - E5 - E4 - E2 |
| E1 CRM Entity | 6 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - E7 - E5 - E4 - E92 |
| E2 Temporal Entity | 6 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - C46 - C10 - C4 - C1 |
| E2 Temporal Entity | 6 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - C46 - E7 - E5 - E4 |
| E92 Spacetime Volume | 6 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - C46 - E7 - E5 - E4 |
| S15 Observable Entity | 6 | CRMsci version 1.2.3 | E13 - E7 - E5 - E4 - E2 |
| C5 Abstract Region | 6 | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing | E13 - E7 - E5 - E4 - E92 |
| E1 CRM Entity | 7 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - C46 - C10 - C4 - C1 - E2 |
| E1 CRM Entity | 7 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - C46 - E7 - E5 - E4 - E2 |
| E1 CRM Entity | 7 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - C46 - E7 - E5 - E4 - E92 |
| E1 CRM Entity | 7 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - E7 - E5 - E4 - E2 - S15 |
| E1 CRM Entity | 7 | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 | E13 - E7 - E5 - E4 - E92 - C5 |
| Thing | 7 | OntoME internal model - active version | E13 - E7 - E5 - E4 - E2 - E1 |
Child and descendant classes
| Class | Depth | Class namespace | Via |
|---|---|---|---|
| S19 Encounter Event | 1 | CRMsci version 1.2.3 | |
| S21 Measurement | 1 | CRMsci version 1.2.3 | |
| S3 Measurement by Sampling | 2 | CRMsci version 1.2.3 | S21 |
Related classes
Outgoing properties (this class is domain)
| Domain | Property identifier | Range | Namespace |
|---|---|---|---|
| S4 Observation | crmsci:O16 observed value (value was observed by) | E1 CRM Entity | CRMsci version 1.2.3 |
| S4 Observation | crmsci:O8 observed (was observed by) | S15 Observable Entity | CRMsci version 1.2.3 |
| S4 Observation | crmsci:O9 observed property type (property type was observed by) | S9 Property Type | CRMsci version 1.2.3 |
| S4 Observation | crm-sup:P30 observed entity type (entity type is observed by) | C32 Observed Entity Type | SDHSS CIDOC CRM supplement – ongoing |
Outgoing properties (inherited from ancestors)
| Domain | Property identifier | Range | Namespace |
|---|---|---|---|
| S4 Observation (is a C1 Entity Quality ) | sdh:P23 has quality type (is quality type of) | C20 Entity Quality Type | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a C10 Intentional Event ) | sdh:P3 effects (is the result of) | C4 Intention | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a C10 Intentional Event ) | sdh:P4 ends (is ended by) | C4 Intention | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a C10 Intentional Event ) | sdh:P43 has setting (is setting for) | E5 Event | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a C10 Intentional Event ) | sdh:P45 has maximal projection in geographical space (is maximal projection of) | C13 Geographical Place | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a C4 Intention ) | sdh:P7 is intention of (has intention) | C9 Intentional Entity | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a C4 Intention ) | sdh:P34 has content (is content of) | E89 Propositional Object | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a C4 Intention ) | sdh:P40 has context (is context of) | C26 Representations | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a C46 Intentional Expression ) | sdh:P48 has intentional expression identifying type (is identifying type of) | C47 Intentional Expression Type | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crm:P1 is identified by (identifies) | E41 Appellation | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crm:P2 has type (is type of) | E55 Type | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crm:P3 has note | E62 String | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crm:P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of) | E42 Identifier | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crm:P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) | E55 Type | CIDOC CRM version 6.2 |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crmdig:L47 has comment | E62 String | CRMdig version 3.2.1 |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crmdig:L4 has preferred label | E62 String | CRMdig version 3.2.1 |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crmdig:L53 is not uniquely identified by | E62 String | CRMdig version 3.2.1 |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | sdh:P70 same resource in the world as (same as) | E1 CRM Entity | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | sdh:P2 domain class has identity defining component (is identity defining component of domain class) | E1 CRM Entity | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | sdh:P10 time-independent entity association | E1 CRM Entity | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | sdh:P18 is identifying component of range class (range class has identity defining component) | E1 CRM Entity | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crm-sup:P20 same as external identifier (same as) | E42 Identifier | SDHSS CIDOC CRM supplement – ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | sdh:P63 has preferred type (is preferred type of) | E55 Type | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crm-sup:P28 same as URI [owl:sameAs] (same as) | C30 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) | SDHSS CIDOC CRM supplement – ongoing |
| S4 Observation (is a E1 CRM Entity ) | crmdig:L54 is same-as (is same-as) | E1 CRM Entity | CRMdig version 3.2.1 |
Incoming properties (this class is range)
| Domain | Property identifier | Range | Namespace |
|---|---|---|---|
| No data available in table | |||
Incoming properties (inherited from ancestors)
| Domain | Property identifier | Range | Namespace |
|---|---|---|---|
| C10 Intentional Event | sdh:P3 effects (is the result of) | S4 Observation (is a C4) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C10 Intentional Event | sdh:P4 ends (is ended by) | S4 Observation (is a C4) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C10 Intentional Event | sdh:P43 has setting (is setting for) | S4 Observation (is a E5) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C11 Appellation in a Language | sdh:P11 is appellation for language of (has appellation for language) | S4 Observation (is a E1) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C15 Participation | sdh-so:P11 is participation in (has participation) | S4 Observation (is a E5) | SDHSS Social, legal and economic life ongoing |
| C16 Participant Description | sdh-so:P25 is participant in (has participant) | S4 Observation (is a E5) | SDHSS Social, legal and economic life ongoing |
| C19 Legal Integration | sdh-so:P27 is integration of (is integrated by) | S4 Observation (is a E1) | SDHSS Social, legal and economic life ongoing |
| C2 Propositional Situation | sdh:P33 interprets (is interpreted by) | S4 Observation (is a E5) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C2 Propositional Situation | sdh:P51 is interpretation of (is interpreted by) | S4 Observation (is a C10) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C23 Identification | crm-sup:P18 is identification of (has identification) | S4 Observation (is a E1) | SDHSS CIDOC CRM supplement – ongoing |
| C25 Intentional Collective | sdh:P36 has manifestation in (is manifestation of) | S4 Observation (is a E4) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C30 Connotation | sdh:P39 is connotation of (has connotation) | S4 Observation (is a E1) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C35 Actor's Quality in Relation to an Event | sdh-so:P57 is quality in relation to (has related actor's quality) | S4 Observation (is a E5) | SDHSS Social, legal and economic life ongoing |
| C35 Actor's Quality in Relation to an Event | sdh-so:P60 is quality in relation to intentional event (has related actor's quality) | S4 Observation (is a C10) | SDHSS Social, legal and economic life ongoing |
| C38 Presence of a Thing | sdh-so:P76 is presence in (has presence) | S4 Observation (is a E5) | SDHSS Social, legal and economic life ongoing |
| C57 Quantifiable Quality of a Spatio-Temporal Phenomenon | sdh:P75 is quantifiable quality of (has quantifiable quality) | S4 Observation (is a E4) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C64 Event Classification | sdh:P82 classifies (is classified by) | S4 Observation (is a E5) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C66 Involvement of a Thing | sdh:P84 involved in (has involved object) | S4 Observation (is a E7) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C71 Quantifiable Quality of an Intentional Event | sdh:P89 is quantifiable quality of (has quantifiable quality) | S4 Observation (is a C10) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C8 Intentional Composition | sdh:P53 has intentional component (is component of) | S4 Observation (is a E1) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| C8 Intentional Composition | sdh:P54 is intentional component of (has intentional component) | S4 Observation (is a E1) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
| D2 Digitization Process | crmdig:L60 documents | S4 Observation (is a E1) | CRMdig version 3.2.1 |
| D29 Annotation Object | crmdig:L43 annotates (is annotated by) | S4 Observation (is a E1) | CRMdig version 3.2.1 |
| E1 CRM Entity | crmdig:L54 is same-as (is same-as) | S4 Observation (is a E1) | CRMdig version 3.2.1 |
| E1 CRM Entity | sdh:P10 time-independent entity association | S4 Observation (is a E1) | SDHSS Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences CIDOC CRM Extension ongoing |
Profiles using this class
| Label | Version | Status | Last updated |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phenomena Observation ongoing | 1 | Ongoing | 2023-10-25 |
Linked classes graph
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