Subclass of:

• crm:E73 Information Object

Superclass of:

• frbroo:F22 Self-Contained Expression
• frbroo:F23 Expression Fragment
• frbroo:F34 KOS
• frbroo:F35 Nomen Use Statement
• frbroo:F43 Identifier Rule
• sdh-int:C2 Expression Portion

Scope note:

This class comprises the intellectual or artistic realisations of works in the form of identifiable immaterial objects, such as texts, poems, jokes, musical or choreographic notations, movement pattern, sound pattern, images, multimedia objects, or any combination of such forms that have objectively recognisable structures. The substance of F2 Expression is signs.

Expressions cannot exist without a physical carrier, but do not depend on a specific physical carrier and can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Carriers may include human memory.

Inasmuch as the form of F2 Expression is an inherent characteristic of the F2 Expression, any change in form (e.g., from alpha-numeric notation to spoken word, a poem created in capitals and rendered in lower case) is a new F2 Expression. Similarly, changes in the intellectual conventions or instruments that are employed to express a work (e.g., translation from one language to another) result in the creation of a new F2 Expression. Thus, if a text is revised or modified, the resulting F2 Expression is considered to be a new F2 Expression. Minor changes, such as corrections of spelling and punctuation, etc., are normally considered variations within the same F2 Expression. On a practical level, the degree to which distinctions are made between variant expressions of a work will depend to some extent on the nature of the F1 Work itself, and on the anticipated needs of users.

The genre of the work may provide an indication of which features are essential to the expression. In some cases, aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout, are not integral to the intellectual or artistic realisation of the work as such, and therefore are not distinctive criteria for the respective expressions. For another work, features such as layout may be essential. For instance, the author or a graphic designer may wrap a poem around an image.

An expression of a work may include expressions of other works within it. For instance, an anthology of poems is regarded as a work in its own right that makes use of expressions of the individual poems that have been selected and ordered as part of an intellectual process. This does not make the contents of the aggregated expressions part of this work, but only parts of the resulting expression.

If an instance of F2 Expression is of a specific form, such as text, image, etc., it may be simultaneously instantiated in the specific classes representing these forms in CIDOC CRM. Thereby one can make use of the more specific properties of these classes, such as language (which is applicable to instances of E33 Linguistic Object only).

Examples:

• The Italian text of Dante’s ‘Divina Commedia’ as found in the authoritative critical edition ‘La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi’, Milano: Mondadori, 1966-67 (= Le Opere di Dante Alighieri, Edizione Nazionale a cura della Società Dantesca Italiana, VII, 1-4) (F22 and E33)
• The Italian text of Dante’s ‘Inferno’ as found in the same edition (F22 and E33)
• ‘Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita
  mi ritrovai per una selva oscura
  ché la diritta via era smarrita’ [the Italian text of the first stanza of Dante’s ‘Inferno’ and ‘Divina Commedia’] (F23 and E33)
• The signs which make up Christian Morgenstern’s ‘Fisches Nachtgesang’ [a poem consisting simply of ‘—’ and ‘ ̆’ signs, arranged in a determined combination] (F22)

In First Order Logic:

• F2(x) ⇒ E73(x)

Outgoing properties:

• frbroo:R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of) (0,n:1,n) → frbroo:F3 Manifestation Product Type
• frbroo:R5 has component (is component of) (0,n:0,n) → frbroo:F22 Self-Contained Expression
• frbroo:R15 has fragment (is fragment of) (0,n:0,n) → frbroo:F23 Expression Fragment
• frbroo:R41 has representative manifestation product type (is representative manifestation product type for) (0,n:0,n) → frbroo:F3 Manifestation Product Type
• crm-sup:P4 has expression type (is expression type of) (0,n:0,1) → crm-sup:C6 Expression Type
• sdh-int:P32 has main language (is main language of) (0,n:0,1) → crm:E56 Language

Incoming properties:

• frbroo:F28 Expression Creation → frbroo:R17 created (was created by) (1,n:1,1)
• frbroo:F4 Manifestation Singleton → frbroo:R42 is representative manifestation singleton for (has representative manifestation singleton) (0,n:0,n)
• frbroo:F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment → frbroo:R48 assigned to (was assigned by) (0,n:1,1)
• frbroo:F42 Representative Expression Assignment → frbroo:R51 assigned (was assigned by) (0,n:1,n)
• sdh-int:C1 Expression Publication Event → sdh-int:P1 used specific expression (was used for) (0,n:1,n)
• sdh-int:C2 Expression Portion → sdh-int:P4 is part of (has as part) (0,n:1,n)
• crm:E89 Propositional Object → sdh-int:P16 is asserted by (asserts) (0,n:1,1)
• frbroo:F1 Work → sdh-int:P35 is realised in (realises) (1,1:1,n)