Exported from OntoME: Creative Processes Representation Ontology Version 2.0
Creative Processes Representation Ontology (CPRo) is an ontological model harmonizing to the CIDOC CRM family of models that aims to facilitate the representation and integration of information related to creative processes and the materialization of ideas into reality. It has a particular focus on creative processes. The presently proposed model and its related classes and properties have been modelled to cover architectural practice, artistic production, and design activities considered broadly. Examples Used In order to illustrate the ontology's use, the specification provides a related set of examples from architecture, the rebuild project on the site of the World Trade Centre, NY, and art the "Gates of Hell" by Rodin. Future editions aim to carry examples from additional fields. Compatibility and Nomenclature This unofficial extension of the CIDOC CRM is formulated in relation to: CIDOC CRM v.7.1.3 LRMoo v.1.0 AAAo v.2.0 The specification consists of a set of declarations for formalized classes and properties that extend the CIDOC CRM and the above official extensions. Adopting the conventions of the CIDOC CRM each class and property have been given an identifier in addition to their names. The naming convention adopted for this extension is: CC = classCP = property The choice of these names was arbitrary, making a conceptual connection with the official CRM representation while clearly distinguishing the new classes and properties from those of either CRM base or its official extensions. Namespace: https://ontology.swissartresearch.net/cpro Maintenance and Archiving CPRo is an actively maintained ontology. It is our aim to develop publicly and participatively, learning from and engaging with the scholarly community that adopts it. Towards this end we maintain the ontology with the following processes and relative tools. Ontology Development We adopt the OntoMe tool developed by LARHRA to manage the ontology and produce editions. This ensures a consistent management of the ontology and provides a public space to engage in revisions. The maintenace space for the ontology can be found here: https://ontome.net/project/30 Please note, at time of publishing, OntoME is not capable of producing complete, provenanced RDF serializations, so please only use the official RDF for this standard stored on our github. See below. Issue Management and Revision Storage We adopt github as a platform for inviting and managing issues related to the ontology as well as providing an active place to be able to access the latest edition of the ontology, its specification and relevant documentation. The address for the github repository is: https://github.com/swiss-art-research-net/cpro Acknowledgements The initiative for creating, developing and maintaining this ontology is made possible by important on-going funding and institutional commitment, which is gratefully acknowledged here. Funding Support The development/creation of the initial version (v1.0) of CPRo has been jointly funded by Swiss Art Research Infrastructure (SARI) and the University of Zurich’s Digital Society Initiative (DSI) The continued development and enrichment of the latest version (v1.5) has been funded as part of the Open Research Data (ORD) initiative by swissuniversities. Institutional Support: The development of CPRo has been made possible in part via contributions from Takin.solutions Swiss Art Research Infrastructure - University of Zurich UMR 3495 CNRS/MC MAP
Creative Processes Representation Ontology Version 2.0
This class comprises the particularly expressed, immaterial, intellectual content of objects created during the creative design phase in order to represent aesthetic concepts. The propositional content contained in a model provides information regarding an overall CC13 Design Concept and can be used to understand some aspect of the creator’s intent. Instances of this class are information objects produced as a result of design processes (instances of F28 Expression Creation) undertaken in relation to the goals of an instance of an overall CC15 Design Conception activity which, in turn, typically intends to comply with the specifications of an instance of CC6 Programme. As a subclass of F22 Self-Contained Expression, an instance of CC1 Model realizes, in whole or in part, the propositional content of the instance of CC13 Design Concept. As a subclass of CC5 Formulation, an instance of CC1 Model may function to project representations of the relations of space and materiality of the CC13 Design Concept, via CC12 Event Trigger Template, such that these representations can be used as guides for their eventual realization in some manufactured object.
Model
This class comprises the event of the instantiated realization of a planned artistic concept (CC20 Oeuvre), into an objective, concretized form (material and / or informational). This activity follows plans and projections delivered from one of more creative processes, such as CC14 Programme Conception, CC15 Design Conception and CC16 Realization Planning. Each of these is capable of delivering one or more outputs in the form of instances of CC5 Formulations which can be used by an instance of CC2 Realization to attempt to bring into existence the aimed for artistic object (E22 Human-made Object and/or E73 Information Object).
Realization
This class comprises combinations of concepts such as are found in planning documents, including BIM, details, drawings, sketches, diagrams, blueprints, descriptions, 3D representations etc. which altogether aim to describe an approach for realizing an artistic concept. The instance of CC3 Realization Concept is a complex set of ideas that is proposed as the intellectual response to a certain projected CC13 Design Concept, which has itself typically been expressed in a number of instances of CC1 Model. An instance of CC3 Realization Concept is the overall approach for how to interpret the latter into a plan for the design’s physical realization or materialization (CC2 Realization). An instance of CC3 Realization Concept is typically elaborated by an actor acting as the “Maitrise d’Oeuvre” through different planning documents (instances of CC4 Realization Plan) that represent particular aspects of the overall plan. In the normal case, one of these proposals will be selected (CC19 Assessment) as satisfying the CC13 Design Concept expressed in some particular set of instances of CC1 Model and will serve as the instance of CC4 Realization Plan that expresses the proposed CC3 Realization Concept. The substance of CC3 Realization Concept is ideas; with regards to realizing objects into reality, the ideas proposed typically deal with the planning of the execution of a CC1 Model into a physical object, while taking into account various real-world constraints regarding the organization of the events necessary to bring this end about (CC12 Event Trigger Template). An instance of CC3 Realization Concept is complex by nature as it interacts with the set of constraints expressed in one or more instances of CC1 Model that detail the conceptual and physical aspects of the spatial projection selected as expressing the CC13 Design Concept. The specific functionality of this class is to indicate the sets of concepts generated in order to plan the execution of an act of artistic realization of some object.
Realization Concept
This class comprises the particularly expressed, immaterial, intellectual content of objects created during CC16 Realization Planning activities, in order to express and represent aspects of a projected CC2 Realization to be undertaken and its outcome. The propositional content contained in an instance of CC4 Realization Plan provides information regarding some aspect of an overall concept for a CC3 Realization Concept and can be used to understand the intent of the one who drafted the plan. Instances of this class are information objects produced as the result of realization planning processes (instances of F28 Expression Creation) undertaken in relation to the goals of an instance of an overall CC16 Realization Planning activity which, in turn, aims to comply with the specifications of an instance of CC1 Model. An instance of CC4 Realization Plan represents, in whole or in part, the propositional content of the instance of CC3 Realization Concept.
Realization Plan
This class comprises the particularly expressed, immaterial, intellectual content of objects generated during creative conception activities which project certain potential events and objects into the world. The propositional content contained in a formulation provides information which represents particular creative concepts proposed for a certain project and which may provide information pertaining to a projected generated object and the manner of its CC2 Realization. Instances of this class are information objects arising through an activity of F28 Expression Creation, undertaken in relation to the goals of an instance of CC9 Oeuvre Conception, aiming towards realizing a creative idea. An instance of CC5 Formulation represents, in whole or in part, the propositional content of the instance of CC20 Oeuvre.
Formulation
This class comprises the particularly expressed, immaterial, intellectual content of objects created during the creative programmation phase in order to express and represent CC17 Projective Requirements for a particular overall artistic project. This class comprises instances of information objects expressing projective requirements, wishes and needs for some CC20 Oeuvre in a formalized manner. A finalized, accepted CC6 Programme provides an expression of the requirements that will be employed to guide and constrain an eventual CC13 Design Concept. An instance of CC6 Programme comes into existence from an activity of expression creation (instance of F28 Expression Creation) and aims to represent, in whole or in part, the propositional content of the instance of CC17 Projective Requirements.
Programme
This class comprises the evolution of a set of activities that aim towards the common intent of realizing a creative work in a broad sense. The coming into existence of an instance of CC9 Oeuvre Conception marks the initiation of an instance of CC20 Oeuvre. The latter intellectually gathers together the ideas and formulations contained in the various subworks (CC17 Projective Requirements, CC13 Design Concept, CC3 Realization Concept) and their formal expressions (CC6 Programme, CC1 Model, CC4 Realization Plan) that serve the common goal of the work’s final realization (CC2 Realization). In a commercial sphere, this is frequently undertaken with the participation of a client team acting as a client or patron and an executing team acting as a designer or service provider. An instance of this class often comes into being alongside the assignment of two groups as holding the roles of client and realizer who are formally attributed statuses as such. An associated ‘witness’ of such a will motivates the documentation of an instance of this event. Where possible, then, instances of CC9 Oeuvre Conception should be associated to instances of ZE6 Social Status through the property ZP75i is context for which document the actors causally implicated in willing the existence of the oeuvre and the roles that they play respectively, especially via their playing the role of client or patron / design or service provider. The instance of CC9 Oeuvre Conception is considered to be on-going and to encompass the sub-activities undertaken towards the realization of the main goal as long as the two parties continue to pursue this aim.
Oeuvre Conception
This class comprises specifications of projected artistic and architectural objects that detail constraints, specified as desired or necessary, that the projected object should comply with, according to a documented instance of CC5 Formulation. The function of CC11 Object Trigger Template is to allow the specification of qualities which the realized object should have such as dimension, material, function etc. The qualities specified here should be considered to stand as valid constraints to downstream and potentially upstream creative activities (CC14 Programme Conception, CC15 Design Conception, CC16 Realization Planning) within the context of an ongoing CC9 Oeuvre Conception, which can be used as to check conformity between desired and delivered outcomes ranging across realized plans (CC6 Programme, CC1 Model and CC4 Realization Plan) as well as the artistic object (E22 Human-made Object and/or E73 Information Object) finally generated through an act of CC2 Realization. For the documentation of the details of the constraints on the projected creation activity of a physical object (E22 Human-made Object), an associated instance of CC12 Event Trigger Template should be instantiated and connected through the property cp14i is stipulated object outcome.
Object Trigger Template
This class comprises specifications of projected creative activities towards the CC2 Realization of a creative work. It details guidelines and constraints that downstream and upstream creative activities should comply with, according to a documented instance of CC5 Formulation. The specified constraints can be instantiated on the level of kinds of processes, items or qualities and quantities involved in the action. The qualities specified here should be considered to stand as valid constraints on downstream and potentially upstream creative activities (CC14 Programme Conception, CC15 Design Conception, CC16 Realization Planning) within the context of an ongoing CC9 Oeuvre, which can be used as a check of conformity between desired and delivered outcomes ranging across instances of CC5 Formulation subtypes (i.e., CC6 Programme, CC1 Model and CC4 Realization Plan) as well as the act of CC2 Realization itself, unless a newer instance of CC5 Formulation is created to supersede. An instance of an expected kind of outcome in terms of object, e.g. design or building, is typically implied in most instances of CC12 Event Trigger Template and should be documented via an instance of CC11 Object Trigger Template.
Event Trigger Template
This class comprises combinations of concepts found in creative expressions, such as drawings, sketches, diagrams, plans, descriptions, 3D representations etc, which together form an overall concept for a design. An instance of CC13 Design Concept is a complex set of ideas that is proposed as the intellectual response to a certain, projected creative aim, that may be documented as an instance of CC6 Programme, expressing the latter as particular creative design proposals. The CC13 Design Concept is typically elaborated by an actor in the role of ‘Maitrise d’Oeuvre’ through different design documents (instances of CC1 Model) that represent various aspects of the overall idea. The substance of CC13 Design Concept is ideas. An instance of CC13 Design Concept is complex by nature as it interacts with the set of requirements typically expressed in an instance of CC6 Programme, which concretizes the requirements set out by an instance of CC17 Projective Requirements. It is articulated through various documents expressing different collective proposals that will go through processes of selection and filtering. In the normal case, one of these proposals will be selected as satisfying the CC17 Projective Requirements expressed in a CC6 Programme and serve as the accepted instance(s) of CC1 Model that expresses the final CC13 Design Concept.
Design Concept
This class comprises the beginning of the evolution of a set of activities that aim towards the formulation of user or client’s (e.g.: a designated “Maîtrise d'Ouvrage”) needs, wishes and requirements for a projected CC20 Oeuvre. The substance of programming is intentional activity towards generated CC17 Projective Requirements that will typically be formally specified and approved in a requirements document, an instance of CC6 Programme. The instance of CC14 Programme Conception begins when the client starts to formulate their needs, with or without external party participation of the eventually designated realizing party (e.g., a designated ‘Maîtrise d'Oeuvre’).
Programme Conception
This class comprises the beginning of the evolution of a set of activities that aim towards the formulation of a creative design concept (CC13), realized in one or more instances of CC1 Model, that usually respond to an instance of CC17 Projective Requirements formulated for a projected creative work (CC20). The substance of design conception is intentional activity towards the formalization of a proposal detailing a (series of) model(s) (CC1) aiming to satisfy the initiating client’s requirements expressed in a formal programme (CC6). The instance of design conception begins when the actor charged with realizing the creative work (e.g.: the designated ‘Maîtrise d'Oeuvre’) starts the activities to formulate a design proposal, with or without an external party participating, which may or may not include the designated ‘Maîtrise d'Ouvrage’.
Design Conception
This class comprises the beginning of the evolution of a set of activities that aim towards the articulation of a CC3 Realization Concept, concretized in one or more CC4 Realization Plans, which aim to accurately incorporate a specific set of design documents (instances of CC1 Model) into a plan to realize a creative idea, typically as a physical work (E22 Human-made Object). The instance of this event begins when an actor, such as that designated ‘Maîtrise d'Oeuvre’, starts the activities of formulating the plan towards realization, with or without an external party participating, which may or may not include the ‘Maîtrise d'Ouvrage’.
Realization Planning
This class comprises distinct concepts or combinations of concepts embodying the aim, will and/or desire of an actor with regards to a particular projected CC20 Oeuvre. The instance of CC17 Projective Requirements is elicited from an actor either by him/herself or, more usually, with others, in order to express it in some concrete, documented form which will be used to guide the activities of a CC15 Design Conception. The substance of an instance of CC17 Projective Requirements is ideas in the sense of an articulated will, aim and desire with regards to a projected outcome, which is usually elaborated and reformulated over time in different iterations and derivations of the initial will, and finally realized in one or more CC6 Programmes, to be adopted as a guide in the design phase.
Projective Requirements
This class comprises acts of evaluation of an instance of E73 Information Object against an implicit or explicit standard by some actor. An instance of CC19 Assessment is undertaken in order to provide some form of feedback and evaluation on the assessed instance of E73 Information Object in the form of a categorical assessment, a reviewed information object or both. An act of assessment may result in the assignment of an evaluative categorical rank to the assessed conceptual pattern. An act of assessment may also result in a revised version of the assessed instance of E73 Information Object being produced by the assessor. The newly resultant assessed instance of E73 Information Object may include additions, deletions, modifications and commentaries relative to the original target of assessment. The resultant instance information object is, then, considered to incorporate elements of the original E73 Information Object. The edge cases of an act of assessment are the rejection or acceptance of the assessed E73 Information Object. In the case of rejection, the assessed information object has been categorized as a failure by the assessing actor, potentially terminating a direction of creation. In the case of approval, the assessed information object is considered to have been categorized as accepted in toto qua information object by the assessor, relative to the standard of evaluation. Acts of assessment are considered to generate and be generated by instances of F28 Expression Creation in a cycle that typically aims towards achieving an acceptance evaluation. Within the context of a cycle of creative processes, an act of assessment resulting in an assignment of approval typically indicates that the assessor considers the main idea and all relevant additional parameters of judgement with regards to the formulation of the object to be satisfactory and to express the instance of F15 Complex Work which it was formulated to materialize.
Assessment
This class comprises combinations of concepts that together represent a recognizable novel intellectual content that is intended to be realized into a particular physical or conceptual form. The substance of an instance of this class is its unique set of ideas. An instance of this class is complex in that it is typically composed of a set of other ideas which together form its content. An instance of CC20 Oeuvre is typically formed of member works consisting of a CC17 Project Requirement, CC13 Design Concept and a CC4 Realization Plan. Together these works are progressively realized in order to be able to bring into existence a particular creation, physical or intellectual, through a CC2 Realization act. An instance of this class comes to be through its initiation by an activity of creation (CC9 Oeuvre Conception) which, in turn, entails the willing of the realization of this idea by one or more parties acting as patrons and service providers in turn. The substance of CC20 Oeuvre is ideas. An instance of CC20 Oeuvre represents the most abstract level of a creative intellectual project, and gathers together all the particular ideas created towards its expression into a larger whole. CC20 Oeuvre stands apart from any individual physical or intellectual creation undertaken in the elaboration of a creative idea and stands for the idea itself. The documentation of an instance of CC20 Oeuvre thus allows both for the richer elaboration of the elements that lead to an eventual physical or intellectual instantiation of the idea through tracing the individual processes and components leading to a final as well as supporting the possibility to document partially realized or mostly unrealized creative projects.
Oeuvre
This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one. This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.
Production
This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts. This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of "determination," i.e., the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.
Type Assignment
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural.Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by). The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span.
Physical Thing
This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor. In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings and maps.Instances of E27 Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in a particular configuration at a particular location.
Site
This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form or contents. In particular, it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in new instances of E71 Human-Made Thing or for shaping or guiding the execution of an instance of E7 Activity.Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others.This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with): E29 Design or Procedure.Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the followingA schema for the activities it describesA schema of the products that result from their application.An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s famous plans for flying machines.Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CIDOC CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.
Design or Procedure
This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible.
Actor
This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end and a duration. Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning.Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which we can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies.Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span. When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.
Time-Span
This class comprises extents in the natural space we live in, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance.Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).
Place
This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e., by points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc.An instance of E54 Dimension represents the empirical or theoretically derived quantity, including the precision tolerances resulting from the particular method or calculation. The identity of an instance of E54 Dimension depends on the method of its determination because each method may produce different values even when determining comparable qualities. For instance, the wingspan of a bird alive or dead is a different dimension. Thermoluninescence dating and Rehydroxylation [RHX] dating are different dimensions of temporal distance from now, even if they aim at dating the same object. The method of determination should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). Note that simple terms such as “diameter” or “length” are normally insufficient to unambiguously describe a respective dimension. In contrast, “maximum linear extent” may be sufficient.The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of instances of E54 Dimension adequate to the precision of the applied method of determination. If the respective quantity belongs to a non-discrete space according to the laws of physics, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that comparability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions.Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension, as appropriate.
Dimension
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes. E55 Type is the CIDOC CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e., instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
Type
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials. Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing).This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e., the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g.: “instances of gold”.It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used.
Material
This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
Creation
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a "named graph" also falls under this class, so that each "named graph" is an instance of E73 Information Object.An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.
Information Object
This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
Propositional Object
This class comprises distinct intellectual ideas conveyed in artistic and intellectual creations, such a poems, stories or musical compositions. A Work is the outcome of an intellectual process of one or more persons. Inherent to the notion of work is the existence of recognisable realizations of the work in the form of one or more expressions. Works are often regarded as finished and discrete e.g. when declared as such by the creator of the work or based on the elaboration or logical coherence of its content. However, works may be recognized as existing but unfinished e.g. if the creators deliberately or accidentally never explicitly finished a particular Expression but have left behind partial expressions. In the absence of explicit information about the initial conception, which is rarely available, the first expression created constitutes witness of the beginning of existence of a Work. A Work can evolve over time, such as through revised editions. A Work may be elaborated by one or more Actors simultaneously, in parallel, or over time. Additional expressions of a Work can continue to be created over time. The boundaries of a Work have nothing to do with the value of the intellectual achievement but only with the dominance of a concept. The main purpose of this class is to enable bringing together intellectually equivalent Expressions in order to display to a user all available alternatives of the same intellectual or artistic content.
Work
This class comprises activities by which instances of F1 Work come into existence. An instance of F27 Work Creation can serve to document the period a work was coming into existence and the circumstances of it, when these are known.An instance of F27 Work Creation marks the initial creation of an instance of F1 Work through expressions or other externalisations that are sufficiently elaborated so that the characteristic conceptual identity of the work could be recognized as existing.In many cases this will coincide with the first known complete externalisation of an expression of the work. In other cases, the initial creation of an instance of F1 Work may be inferred from multiple, or later, expressions or other forms of evidence. For instance, commissioning of a work may explicitly be agreed on after the presentation of an already complete and detailed elaboration of the work that was not made public. Performances may be prior to written expressions, as in the case of Shakespeare’s works.The work, as an intellectual construction, may evolve from its initial creation onwards, until the last known expression of it.An instance of E39 Actor with which a work is associated through the chain of properties F1 Work. R16i was created by: F27 Work Creation. P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor corresponds to the notion of the “creator” of the work.In the situation where an expression of one instance of F1 Work serves as source material for the creation of the first expression of a new instance of F1 Work, the direct relationship between the works is indicated using the property R2 is derivative of (has derivative) between the two instances of F1 Work. The link to the specific source expression is indicated with the property P16 used specific object (was used for) using the path: F1 Work(1). R3 is realised in: F2 Expression(1). P16i was used for: F27 Work Creation. R16 created: F1 Work(2).
Work Creation
Instances of this class comprise symbolically expressed (whether in writing, orally or in some other recognized symbolic system within a socio-cultural group) projections of futural events and objectivities. An instance of this class is an intellectual object which describes a not yet extant futural world and describes how it is projected to be. A plan foresees what is foreseen to be brought about or to take place given certain eventualities. The content of a plan expressed as a machine-readable string can be documented in relation to an instance of this object via the property P190 has symbolic content. The content of a plan can further be expressed in more analytic format by connecting it to a projected instance of Event Trigger Template which describes the particular set of parameters which are envisioned to take place when the plan would be executed. An instance of plan comes into existence when it is symbolically formulated in some real instantiation and ceases to exist when no further carriers or memory of it remain.
Plan
This property describes the relation between a CC5 Formulation and a projected event it plans for. Instances of CC5 Formulation may contain detailed, analytic information regarding how the plan formulates an intended event, or set of events, to occur, documenting also how and under what conditions a specific event can be said to have taken place and achieved according to a set of agreed terms. By instantiating this property, an activity plan can be connected to the analytic information it details for the projected manner of execution of the event that it foresees.
projects
This property describes what type of object has been stipulated in a CC12 Event Trigger Template, as expected to be brought into existence through the event it projects. The form of stipulation is categorical, specifying a kind of object to be produced but not its particular features.
stipulates type of object outcome
This property describes what form of activity the projected event is expected to consist in, stipulating its basic nature such as: production, communication, design.
stipulates event type
This property describes the kind(s) of actor that a projected activity is foreseen to involve. It thus allows the description of kinds of participants in the foreseen event at the categorical level. A plan may, thus, call for a certain type of professional to be involved, a certain category of individual etc.
stipulates actor type
This property describes the expected, real-world place where the projected event is supposed to occur.
stipulates place
This property describes the expected time-span within which the projected event is supposed to occur.
stipulates time-span
This property describes instances of particular individuals persons or groups that are expected to participate within the projected event.
stipulates actor
This property describes instances of equipment (E18) that are stipulated as expected to be used in the carrying out of the projected event.
stipulates equipment
This property describes instances of design or procedures that are stipulated to be followed in the carrying out of the projected event.
stipulates particular method
This property describes the budget that is stipulated as a constraint to the carrying out of the projected event.
stipulates specific budget
This property relates an instance of Event Trigger Template to an instance of Objecter Trigger Template that is specified to be an outcome of the projected event.
stipulates object outcome
This property enables the documentation of planned sub-events stipulated as part of an overall projected event. It is used to link an instance of Event Trigger Template to another instance of this class which would be an element of its own execution. The intention of this property is to enable the modelling of the projection of a complex event with sub-elements.
stipulates sub-event
This property describes the material of which the projected object is expected to be comprised.
stipulates material
This property describes a particular real world site at which the projected object is expected to be installed or placed.
stipulates site
This property describes the expected dimensions of the projected object.
stipulates dimension
This property describes the expected function of the projected object.
stipulates function
This property associates an instance of Object Trigger Template with an Information Object which is to be used as a reference in the making of the projected object. The end result should show similarity to the referenced object
stipulates reference
This property enables the documentation of expected parts of a planned object and the particular features of those parts.
stipulates part
This property indicates that an assessment activity was carried out on an instance of information object.
assessed
This property indicates that a new information object was created out of an assessment activity. The generated instance of information object will incorporate the assessed information object but may have added, removed, or modified its content as part of the assessment activity.
produced revision
This property describes instances of things that are the main object concerned in the realization of the projected new configuration of an extant object. The execution of the object template may result in modification or transformation of the object indicated by this property.
concerns extant object