This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties With the exception of E59 Primitive Value, all other classes within the CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice. In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the "ground" or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods. Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the "Neolithic Period", the "Ming Dynasty" or the "McCarthy Era", but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor. As the actual extent of an E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as islands or colonies. Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units. Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a whole. However it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area. We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomena while a space-time volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. There are two different conceptualisations of 'artistic style', defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type. Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems, regardless of scale, brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural, technological or legal phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77 Persistent Item or its subclasses. The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the scale of observation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an ‘instantaneous’ change of state. At a fine level, the E5 Event can be analysed into its component phenomena within a space and time frame, and as such can be seen as an E4 Period. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy change of state.
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural. Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter. An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a number of individually contiguous spacetime volumes equal to the number of unconnected objects that constitute the set. We model E18 Physical Thing to be a subclass of E72 Legal Object and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E18 Physical Thing without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E18 Physical Thing is matter while a spacetime volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded to be unique to it, due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.
This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects. Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not. Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature. This definition coincides with the definition of "fiat objects" (Smith Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects”.
This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end and a duration. Time Span has no other semantic connotations. Time-Spans are used to define the temporal extent of instances of E4 Period, E5 Event and any other phenomena valid for a certain time. An E52 Time-Span may be identified by one or more instances of E49 Time Appellation. Since our knowledge of history is imperfect, instances of E52 Time-Span can best be considered as approximations of the actual Time-Spans of temporal entities. The properties of E52 Time-Span are intended to allow these approximations to be expressed precisely. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. Used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it would nevertheless define them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else was known. Automatic processing and querying of instances of E52 Time-Span is facilitated if data can be parsed into an E61 Time Primitive.
This class comprises extents in space, in particular on the surface of the earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It may be identified by one or more instances of E44 Place Appellation. It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance. Any object can serve as a frame of reference for E53 Place determination. The model foresees the notion of a "section" of an E19 Physical Object as a valid E53 Place determination.
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is true for all E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of the E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CRM.
This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names. The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime regardless its true geometric form. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its projection on time.
This class represents the top-level feature type. This class is equivalent to GFI_Feature defined in ISO 19156:2011, and it is superclass of all feature types.
This class comprises the 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) (S) which material phenomena (I) occupy in Space-Time (S). An instance of S1 Space Time Volume represents the true (I) extent of an instance of E4 Period in spacetime or the true (I) extent of the trajectory of an instance of E18 Physical Thing during the course of its existence, from production to destruction. A fuzziness of the extent lies in the very nature of the phenomenon, and not in the shortcomings of observation (U). The degree of fuzziness with respect to the scale of the phenomenon may vary widely, but the extent is never exact in a mathematical sense. According to modern physics, points in space-time are absolute with respect to the physical phenomena happening at them, regardless the so-called Galilean relativity of spatial or temporal reference systems in terms of which an observer may describe them. Following the theory, points relative to different spatial or temporal reference systems can be related if common points of phenomena in space-time are known in different systems. Instances of S1 Space-Time Volume are sets of such absolute space-time points of phenomena (I).The (Einstein) relativity of spatial and temporal distances is of no concern for the scales of things in the cultural-historical discourse, but does not alter the above principles. The temporal projection of an instance of SP1 Space-Time Volume defines an E52 Time-Span while its spatial projection defines an SP2 Phenomenal Place. The true location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing during some time-span can be regarded as the spatial projection of the restriction of its trajectory to the respective time-span.
This class comprises instances of E53 Place (S) whose extent (U) and position is defined by the spatial projection of the spatiotemporal extent of a real world phenomenon that can be observed or measured. The spatial projection depends on the instance of S3 Reference Space onto which the extent of the phenomenon is projected. In general, there are no limitations to the number of Reference Spaces one could regard, but only few choices are relevant for the cultural-historical discourse. Typical for the archaeological discourse is to choose a reference space with respect to which the remains of some events would stay at the same place, for instance, relative to the bedrock of a continental plate. On the other side, for the citizenship of babies born in aeroplanes, the space in which the boundaries of the overflown state are defined may be relevant (I). Instances of SP2 Phenomenal Place exist as long as the respective reference space is defined. Note that we can talk in particular about what was at a place in a country before a city was built there, i.e., before the time the event occurred by which the place is defined, but we cannot talk about the place of earth before it came into existence due to lack of a reasonable reference space (E).
This class comprises the (typically Euclidian) Space (S) that is at rest (I) in relation to an instance of E18 Physical Thing and extends (U) infinitely beyond it. It is the space in which we typically expect things to stay in place if no particular natural or human distortion processes occur. This definition requires that at least essential parts of the respective physical thing have a stability of form. The degree of this stability (e.g., elastic deformation of a ship on sea, landslides, geological deformations) limits the precision to which an instance of SP3 Reference Space is defined. It is possible to construct types of (non Euclidian) reference spaces which adapt to elastic deformations or have other geometric and dynamic properties to adapt to changes of form of the reference object, but they are of rare utility in the cultural-historical discourse. An instance of SP3 Reference Space begins to exist with the largest thing that is at rest in it and ceases to exist with its E6 Destruction. If other things are at rest in the same space and their time-span of existence falls within the one of the reference object, they share the same reference space (I). It has therefore the same temporal extent (time-span of existence) as the whole of the E18 Physical Things it is at rest with (E).
This class compromises systems that are used to describe locations in a SP3 Reference Space (S). An instance of SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference System is composed of two parts: The first is a Coordinate System which is a set of coordinate axes with specified units of measurement and axis directions. The second part is a set of reference features at rest in the Reference Space it describes in the real world that relate the Coordinate System to real world locations (U) and fix it with respect to the reference object of its Reference Space . In surveying and geodesy, instance of SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference System are called a datum. In the case of spatial coordinate reference systems for the earth the datum consists of the reference points and an ellipsoid that approximates the shape of the earth. National systems often use ellipsoids that approximate their territory best and shift them in an appropriate position relative to the earth while WGS84 is an ellipsoid for the whole earth and used in GPS receivers. In engineering a datum is a reference feature of an object used to create a reference system for measurement.The set of reference features in the real world are subset of E26 Physical Feature that are within the described reference space at rest and pertain to the E18 Physical Thing the reference space is at rest with. SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference Systems have a validity for a certain spatial extent of the SP3 Reference Space and in addition a temporal validity. The combination of coordinate reference system and datum provides a unique identity (I). SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference Systems may be defined for the earth, moving objects like planes or ships, linear features like boreholes or local systems. If there is a standardised identifier system available, such as EPSG codes, it should be used.
This class comprises definitions of places by quantitative expressions. An instance of SP5 Geometric Place Expression can be seen as a prescription of how to find the location meant by this expression in the real world (S), which is based on measuring where the quantities referred to in the expression lead to, beginning from the reference points of the respective reference system. A form of expression may be geometries or map elements defined in a SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference System that unambiguously identify locations in a SP3 Reference Space. Other forms may refer to areas confined by imaginary lines connecting Phenomenal Places such as trees, islands, cities, mountain tops. The identity of a SP5 Place Expression is based on its script or symbolic form (I). Several SP5 Place Expressions can denote the same SP6 Declarative Place. Instances of SP5 Geometric Place Expressions that exist in one SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference System can be transformed to geometries in other SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference System if there is a known and valid transformation. The product of the transformation in general defines a new instance of SP6 Declarative Place, albeit close to the source of the transformation. This can be due to distortions resulting from the transformation and the limited precision by which the relative position of the reference points differing between the respective reference systems are determined.
This class comprises instances of E53 Place (S) whose extent (U) and position is defined by a SP5 Geometric Place Expression (S). There is one implicit or explicit SP3 Reference Space in which the SP5 Place Expression describes the intended place. Even though SP5 Geometric Place Expressions have an unlimited precision, measurement devices and the precision of the position of reference features relating the SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference System to a SP3 Reference Space impose limitations to the determination of an SP6 Declarative Place in the real world (U). Several SP5 Geometric Place Expressions may denote the same SP6 Declarative Place if their precision falls within the same range (I). Instances of SP6 Declarative Places may be used to approximate instances of E53 Places or parts of them. They may as well be used to define the location and spatial extent of property rights or national borders.
This class comprises instances of SP8 Spacetime Volumes (S) whose temporal and spatial extent (U) and position is defined by a SP12 Spacetime Volume Expression. There is one implicit or explicit SP3 Reference Space in which the SP12 Spacetime Volume Expression describes the intended Spacetime Volume. As we restrict the model to Galilean physics and explicitly exclude systems with velocities close to the speed of light we do not model a “Reference Time” as it would be necessary for relativistic physics. This implies that there is only one Reference Time. Even though SP12 Spacetime Volume Expressions have an unlimited precision, measurement devices and the precision of the position of reference features relating the SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference System to a SP3 Reference Space impose limitations to the determination of the spatial part of a SP7 Declarative Spacetime Volume in the real world (U). The same limitation to precision is true for the temporal part of a SP7 Declarative Spacetime Volume due to precision of time measurement devices and of the determination of the reference event of a SP11 Temporal Reference System. Several SP12 Spacetime Volume Expressions may denote the same SP7 Declarative Spacetime Volume if their precision falls within the same range (I). Instances of SP7 Declarative Spacetime Volumes may be used to approximate instances of SP8 Spacetime Volumes or parts of them. They may as well be used to define the spatial and temporal extent of property rights or national borders.
This class comprises instances of SP9 Time Intervalls that represent the Time Span defined by a SP 14 Time Expression. Thus they derive their identity through an expression defining an extent in time. Even though SP10 Declarative Time Spans have an unlimited precision, measurement devices and the possible precision within the SP11 Temporal Reference System impose limitations to the determination of a SP10 Declarative Time Span. The accuracy of a SP10 Declarative Time Spans depends upon the documentation and measurement method. SP10 Declarative Time Spans may be used to approximate actual (phenomenal) Time-Spans of temporal entities.
This class compromises systems(S) that are used to describe positions and extents in a Reference Time. If relativistic effects are negligible in the wider spacetime area of interest and the speeds of associated things, then there is only one unique global reference time. The typical way to measure time is to count the cycles of a periodic process for which we have a hypothesis of constant frequency, such as oscillations of a crystal, molecular arrangement, rotation of earth around itself or around the sun. The origin for a Temporal Reference System is fixed on a reference event. As long as the number of cycles passed from that reference event until now are known, the temporal reference system exists (E) and expressions in this Reference System can be interpreted with respect to the Reference Time. A temporal reference system represents time as a continuous linear interpolation over the infinit series of cycles extended from the reference event to he past and the future, regardless of the temporal position of the mathematical point zero of an instance of E61 Time Primitive, such for instance the gregorian calender begins with the event an arbitrary positiong the point zero as beeing the date of the „Birth of Christ“. The actual date of birth of christ is regarded to be unknown and therefor is not the reference event. The identity of a Temporal Reference System is defined through the type of periodic process it is based on, the reference event and through the distance of the reference event to the position of the mathematical point zero (I). A value in the Reference Time is a temporal position measured relative to a temporal reference system. ISO 8601 specifies the use of the Gregorian Calendar and 24 hour local or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) for information interchange. In ISO 19108 three common types of temporal reference systems are explicitly stated: calendars (used with clocks for greater resolution), temporal coordinate systems, and ordinal temporal reference systems. Calendars and clocks are both based on interval scales. A calendar is a discrete temporal reference system that provides a basis for defining temporal position to a resolution of one day. A clock provides a basis for defining temporal position within a day. A clock must be used with a calendar in order to provide a complete description of a temporal position within a specific day. Every calendar provides a set of rules for composing a calendar date from a set of elements such as year, month, and day. In every calendar, years are numbered relative to the date of a reference event that defines a calendar era [ISO 19108]. Specifying temporal position in terms of calendar date and time of day complicates the computation of distances between points and the functional description of temporal operations. A temporal coordinate system may be used to support applications of this kind. [ISO 19108]. Ordinal temporal reference systems as specified in ISO 19108 are no instances of SP11 Temporal Reference Systems as they do not define cycles of a periodic process but define a system of time intervals based on reverence periods related to certain natural or cultural phenomena.
This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for spacetime volumes that should be implemented with appropriate validation, precision, interval logic and reference systems to express date ranges and geometries relevant to cultural documentation. A Spacetime Volume Expression may consist of one expression including temporal and spatial information like in GML or a different form of expressing spacetime in an integrated way like a formula containing all 4 dimensions. A Spacetime Volume Expression defines a SP7 Declarative Spacetime Volume, which means that the identity of the Spacetime Volume is derived from its geometric and temporal definition. This declarative Spacetime Volume allows for the application of all Spacetime Volume properties to relate phenomenal Spacetime Volumes of Periods and Physical Things to propositions about their spatial and temporal extents.
This class comprises instances of SP9 Time Intervalls whose extent (U) and position is defined by the temporal projection of the spatiotemporal extent that can be observed or measured. Thus they derive their identity through the extent in time of a real world phenomenon (I).
This class comprises definitions of temporal extents by quantitative expressions(S). An instance of SP14 Time Expression defines a declarative temporal interval using a temporal reference system. The identity of a SP14 Time Expression is based on its script or symbolic form (I). Several SP14 Time Expressions can denote the same SP10 Declarative Time-Span. Instances of SP14 Time Expression that exist in one SP11 Temporal Reference System can be transformed to time expressions in other SP11 Temporal Reference Systems if there is a known and valid transformation.
This class comprises the union of geometric definitions and the declarative places that they define. It is equivalent to the geometry class of GeoSPARQL (http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#Geometry)
The class spatial-object represents everything that can have a spatial representation. It is superclass of feature and geometry.
This property associates an instance of E4 Period with the 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in spacetime that it occupied. This instance of SP1 PhenomenalSpacetime Volume includes the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in the instance of E4 Period, the open spaces via which they have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event, such as the air in a meeting room transferring the voices. It also comprises the areas controlled by some military power. Therefore instances of E4 Period have fuzzy boundaries in spacetime.
This property describes the 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in spacetime that the trajectory of an instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies in spacetime in the course of its existence. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all inner spaces not accessible in regular function.
This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of a SP1 Phenomenal Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is a shortcut ofthe more fully developed path from E4 Period through Q1 occupied, SP1 Phenomenal Spacetime Volume Q3 has temporal projection to E52 Time Span.This property can be extended in a future model to a ternary (3-ary) relationship describing the temporal projection under a spatial constraint.
This property describes the spatial projection of an instance of a SP1 Phenomenal Spacetime Volume on an instance of SP2 Phenomenal Place. Even though the projection of a spacetime volume to one instance of SP3 Reference Space is unique, each reference space gives rise to another projection. The projections overlap at the time of the spacetime volume, the respective instances of SP2 Phenomenal Place may later drift apart, or earlier be yet apart.The property P7 took place at is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through Q1 occupied, SP1 Phenomenal Spacetime Volume Q4 hasspatial projection to SP2 Phenomenal Place. This property can be extended in a future model to a ternary (3-ary) relationship describing the spatial projection under a temporal constraint.
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of SP3 Reference Space it is defined in.
This property associates an instance of SP3 Reference Space with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is at rest in it. For all instances of E18 Physical Thing exist at least one reference space it is at rest with because of their relative stability of form. Larger constellations of matter may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them.
This property associates an instance of SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference System with the instance of SP3 Reference Space for which it can be used to describe locations.
This property defines the physical reference features that ground a spatial coordinate reference system in the real world. In surveying and geodesy this is part of the datum definition and is often a point identified by a physical feature on earth (sometimes monuments) where the earth approximation ellipsoid touches the earth and one axis of the ellipsoid runs through.
This property defines the coordinate reference system in terms of which a Space Primitive is formulated.
This property associates an instance of SP5 Geometric Place Expression with the instance of SP6 Declarative Place it defines. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of SP5 Geometric Place Expression defining exactly the same place. Transformations between different reference systems in general result in new definitions of places approximating each other.
This property approximates an E53 Place which is defined in the same reference space.The property does not state the quality or accuracy of the approximation, but states the intention to approximate the place.
This property approximates a Spacetime Volume. The property does not state the quality or accuracy of the approximation, but states the intention to approximate the spacetime volume.
This property approximates a E52 Time-Span. The property does not state the quality or accuracy of the approximation, but states the intention to approximate the time span.
This property associates an instance of SP14 Time Expression with the instance of SP10 Declarative Time Span it defines. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of SP14 Time Expression defining exactly the same time span. Transformations between different temporal reference systems in general result in new definitions of time spans approximating each other.
This property defines the temporal reference system in terms of which an SP14 Time Expression is formulated.
This property associates an instance of SP12 Spacetime Volume Expression with the instance of SP7 Declarative Spacetime Volume it defines. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of SP12 Spacetime Volume Expressions defining exactly the same SP7 Declarative Spacetime Volume. Transformations between different temporal or spatial reference systems in general result in new definitions of Spacetime Volumes approximating each other.
This property defines the temporal reference system in terms of which a SP12 Spacetime Volume Expression is formulated.
This property defines the spatial coordinate reference system in terms of which a SP12 Spacetime Volume Expression is formulated.
This property defines the reference event for a SP11 Temporal Reference System.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E4 Period with the 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in spacetime that it occupied. This instance of SP1 PhenomenalSpacetime Volume includes the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in the instance of E4 Period, the open spaces via which they have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event, such as the air in a meeting room transferring the voices. It also comprises the areas controlled by some military power. Therefore instances of E4 Period have fuzzy boundaries in spacetime.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in spacetime that the trajectory of an instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies in spacetime in the course of its existence. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all inner spaces not accessible in regular function.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of a SP1 Phenomenal Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is a shortcut ofthe more fully developed path from E4 Period through Q1 occupied, SP1 Phenomenal Spacetime Volume Q3 has temporal projection to E52 Time Span.This property can be extended in a future model to a ternary (3-ary) relationship describing the temporal projection under a spatial constraint.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the spatial projection of an instance of a SP1 Phenomenal Spacetime Volume on an instance of SP2 Phenomenal Place. Even though the projection of a spacetime volume to one instance of SP3 Reference Space is unique, each reference space gives rise to another projection. The projections overlap at the time of the spacetime volume, the respective instances of SP2 Phenomenal Place may later drift apart, or earlier be yet apart.The property P7 took place at is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through Q1 occupied, SP1 Phenomenal Spacetime Volume Q4 hasspatial projection to SP2 Phenomenal Place. This property can be extended in a future model to a ternary (3-ary) relationship describing the spatial projection under a temporal constraint.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of SP3 Reference Space it is defined in.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of SP3 Reference Space with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is at rest in it. For all instances of E18 Physical Thing exist at least one reference space it is at rest with because of their relative stability of form. Larger constellations of matter may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of SP4 Spatial Coordinate Reference System with the instance of SP3 Reference Space for which it can be used to describe locations.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property defines the physical reference features that ground a spatial coordinate reference system in the real world. In surveying and geodesy this is part of the datum definition and is often a point identified by a physical feature on earth (sometimes monuments) where the earth approximation ellipsoid touches the earth and one axis of the ellipsoid runs through.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property defines the coordinate reference system in terms of which a Space Primitive is formulated.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of SP5 Geometric Place Expression with the instance of SP6 Declarative Place it defines. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of SP5 Geometric Place Expression defining exactly the same place. Transformations between different reference systems in general result in new definitions of places approximating each other.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property approximates an E53 Place which is defined in the same reference space.The property does not state the quality or accuracy of the approximation, but states the intention to approximate the place.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property approximates a Spacetime Volume. The property does not state the quality or accuracy of the approximation, but states the intention to approximate the spacetime volume.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property approximates a E52 Time-Span. The property does not state the quality or accuracy of the approximation, but states the intention to approximate the time span.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of SP14 Time Expression with the instance of SP10 Declarative Time Span it defines. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of SP14 Time Expression defining exactly the same time span. Transformations between different temporal reference systems in general result in new definitions of time spans approximating each other.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property defines the temporal reference system in terms of which an SP14 Time Expression is formulated.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of SP12 Spacetime Volume Expression with the instance of SP7 Declarative Spacetime Volume it defines. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of SP12 Spacetime Volume Expressions defining exactly the same SP7 Declarative Spacetime Volume. Transformations between different temporal or spatial reference systems in general result in new definitions of Spacetime Volumes approximating each other.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property defines the temporal reference system in terms of which a SP12 Spacetime Volume Expression is formulated.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property defines the spatial coordinate reference system in terms of which a SP12 Spacetime Volume Expression is formulated.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property defines the reference event for a SP11 Temporal Reference System.