This class models the event of the publication of any kind of frbroo:E2 Expression (an illustrated text, musical scores, music on a DVD, etc.) on a medium produced in multiple exemplars, generally by replication with mechanical means. The publication date is considered as the one when the medium exemplars where made available to the public so that the symbolic content (text, music, drawings, etc.) can be viewed, or listened, by the public. The publication place is the geographical place where the copies of the medium first became public, or from where the exemplars of the publication where sent out, generally but not always the publisher's or printer's domicile. The publisher or printer (person or group) are associated using the inherited crm:P14 carried out by property. If one wishes to express more precise roles for the editors, one can use the sdh-so:C15 Participation class providing specific social qualities or roles to the actors. Both date and place can be different from the ones expressed in the book itself insofar as this class models the event of publication as such and not the bibliographical properties (metadata) that should be associated to the Manifestation Product Type – F3 class.
This class comprises characteristics, qualities or conditions of persistent items or temporal entities at a given moment or during a time-span. It is inspired by the concept of qualities in DOLCE, defined as individualized properties that inhere in particulars: a specific quality inheres in each class instance and ceases to exist at the end of the life of the instance it inheres to. The value of the quality or quale (DOLCE), e.g. the color of an object, is associated to the entity quality and is possibly time-indexed, i.e. valid at and limited to a given time-span. A characteristic or quality of an entity is conceptualised in the SDHSS ontology as a time-indexed observable phenomenon denoting the fact that the quality (DOLCE) of a given entity at a given time has a specific value or quale, and that this value is stable over the time span considered. Rather than modelling the quality as a distinct entity, as in DOLCE, the class dh:C1 Entity Quality is defined as a subclass of temporal entity and associates a specific quality value in a reference space, e.g. red, to an entity, e.g. a car. Thus, according to the present conceptualisation a quality, in this case the colour of the car, refers to a specific period of time and to a specific quality value, namely the observable phenomenon of the thing having this quality and value, and not to a quality in general, e.g. colour, which is conceptualised as a quality type. The kind of quality observed (color, weight, etc.) is specified by a suitable quality type or creating subclasses with specific properties. No generic property is defined to associate any crm:E1 Entity with a quality. As a matter of fact not all subclasses of the sdh:C1 Entity Quality class concern the same types of entities and one cannot therefore extend an inheritance of a generic has quality property to all subclasses but they have to be considered distinctly. For instance, the crm:E3 Condition State class can be considered as representig a specialization of the sdh:C1 Entity Quality class and the crm:P44 has condition (is condition of) property opportunely associates a physical object with its physical condition or state. Thus, sdh:C1 Entity Quality is an abstract class and has no direct instances. A characteristic or quality is initiated, influenced and ended by events (crm:E5 Event class) and this is modelled by correspondent properties.
The instances of this class are portions or sections of expressions clearly identifiable as such (e.g. a chapter of a book) or defined by the reader (e.g. a couple of sentences). Therefore the identity of the portion is provided by the definition adopted by the user in order to cut it out. If an expression or expression portion is split on different carriers (e.g. the first part of the copy of a letter is found in the end of volume I and the second part of the copy in the beginning of volume II) then the portion is related to both volumes as carriers of the one relevant expression portion. In this case the expression portion will be associated as part of two different Expression instances.
Professional, political, religious or whatever generic social quality of an actor, be it a person or a group, as it is perceived from the point of view of the representations of a human community. A social quality is a socially constructed concept (in the sense of the connotation of an entity with a crm:E55 Type) and it is used to socially classify individuals in the perspective of the community. This class is not to be confused with the sdh-so:C12 Actor's Social Role class which models legally defined social roles and functions of actors and should be exclusively used for this kind of concepts. Social roles are formalisations of social qualities in relation to specific groups and custom or legal contexts.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the geovC5 Expression portion class.
This class comprises qualities of the mind of a single person, or the minds of intentional collectives, and captures the presence in their mind of propositions about entities of any kind. It is comprehensive of all intentional phenomena, be they static, in the sense of states of mind, or dynamic, in the sense of changes of mind or opinions evolving in time, i.e. new propositions replacing the former ones about the same objects. It is an abstract, uninstantiated class, providing its subclasses and descendants with the fundamental intension and relevant properties. Intentionality is defined in philosophy as the power of minds to be directed at objects, i.e. entities, states of affairs, goals, or values (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). The intended entity is the object of the intention, its content is a proposition, or a fragment of it, or a complex set of propositions about this object. It is important to note that "intentionality" is not to be confused with "intention" as the purpose people have in mind when they act. The notion of intentionality applies primarily to the representations and individual or social connotations of things, not to the theory of human action. The sdh:C4 Intention class, as a descendant of the crm:E2 Temporal Entity class, models the fact that propositions about objects, and the objects they concern, are present to human minds or intentional entities, be these taken individually or collectively, during a given time span. The intention therefore appears to be a time-related quality of a mind or minds be this realized in a more stable way, as in intentional states, or engaged in an evolutionary, dynamic process, e.g. discussing a topic or changing one's mind, which we define as an intentional event. Given that they are intimately linked, the intended object is associated to the crm:E89 Propositional Object representing the content of the intention using the crm:P129 is about property and therefore no direct property associating the intention with the object is declared at this foundational level. This allows to identify the intentional content or representations present in the mind of different intentional entities, at different times, independently of the actual quality of each mind. As a subclass of sdh:C1 Entity Quality, the Intention class inherits the properties expressing the influence of a crm:E5 Event on the quality. E. g. a physical event like a volcanic eruption can generate mental endorsement of the proposition that assesses the seriousness of the situation and invites to flee.
The social quality or social role of an actor in relation to an expression and according to it. E.g. the author of a text as appearing in the text (even if historical research shows this person was not the real author of the text). This class can be used in order to associate authors, scientific editors, contributors, etc. to texts (expressions, expressions portions, etc.) in the sense of structured bibliographic references.
An appellation of a book, article, web page, or other published item, allowing to clearly identify the resource and therefore typically including author, title, source, abstract and/or related information
This class comprises positions or regions in an abstract, conceptual space defined by a conventionally defined reference system, such as for measuring time, space, colors, ranges of values, etc. As such, the classes crm:E52 Time-span, crm:E53 Place, crm:E54 Dimension are all abstract regions in the sense of indicating a region or position in a reference system (a date in a calendar, geocoordinates, a value in a measuring system).This view is consistent with the top-level category 'Abstract' and the notion of 'Region' introduced by the foundational ontology DOLCE (Gangemi 2002).
This class comprises concepts used to connotate, i.e. characterize and classify entities, that are defined in and relative to specific social representations. These concepts are conceptualized in specific human groups and considered as valid in their connotation, i.e. characterization or classification of entities, in the physical, intellectual, social and spatio-temporal world. This is an abstract class and should not be used in data production.
Format type for bibliographic entries dependent on the discipline and/or language of the bibliographic citation (e.g. MLA, Chicago, APA, InfoClio français sans majuscules, etc.)
This subclass of crm:E89 Propositional Object captures a datation in a propositional object (as content of an intention) or in a text (a frbroo:F2 Expression or a crm:E33 Linguistic Object), with a type and a temporal value. It represents a datation as it is present in the proposition or expressed by the text, which can contain one or more datations: these are subsequently captured with different instances of the present class.
This class comprises opinions, beliefs, certainties, doubts etc. of a person or collective of persons about representations concerning one or more objects. The representations, present in the minds in the form of propositional objects, are considered as being stable during a given time-span. Intentional states are modelled as a time-indexed quality inherent to a person, or persons belonging to an intentional collective, having as content a propositional object defining the content of the state of mind about an object. The concerned object of the intentional state can be associated to the propositional content using the crm:P129 is about (is subject of) property, while the type or mode of intentional state, e.g. belief, hope, fear, etc. can be expressed with the sdh:P44 has intentional type (is intentional type of) property. Individual or collective states of mind are an expression of intentionality, defined in philosophy as "the power of minds and mental states to be about, to represent, or to stand for things, properties and states of affairs. To say of an individual’s mental states that they have intentionality is to say that they are mental representations or that they have contents" (Jacob, Pierre, "Intentionality", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta).
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the Propositional Datation portion class.
This class comprises quantifiable information that is a component of a Propositional Object.
Observable physical entities capable of having representations about objects. Depending on the interests of different disciplines, these can be people, animals or even artefacts, such as robots.
This classes comprises changes of mind of persons or human collectives, or other dynamic phenomena taking place in the mind, such as reading or having a conversation, which are likely to bring about a change in intention. Intentional events, insofar as they happen in the minds of one or more persons, do not directly have a projection in geographical space. But as they are always related to sets of human actions (one or more) that provide the setting for the given intentional events (sdh:P43 is setting for) they share with these physical events the geographical location. E.g. the reading of a book as a mental operation, or a conversation with one or more persons has the correspondent physical events (having the book in the hand, sitting in a coffee house) as its setting.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh-in:C13 Quantifiable Component class.
This class comprises the quality state of an instance of sdh-int:C2 Expression Portion of being classified with a type that is supposed to express some characteristic of the expression portion that describes it as objectively as possible at a given time or during a given time-span.
A social role is a qualification of an actor, individual or collective, that provides it with social power, i.e. some rights and duties related to the role, like a king, the president of an Academy, the Government of a country, etc. A social role exists in the context of one or more specific costums or laws and is generally related to an institutionalized context. As a subclass of the sdh-so:C26 Legal Quality class it inherits the property sdh-so:P69 is defined in the context of that associates it to a sdh-so:C25 Political or Administrative Entity instance.
This class is a specialisation of crm:E55 Type and comprises concepts which are the subjects of information objects.
This class comprises components of propositional objects that describe things and their role as intended in the concerned propositional object. Things can be physical individuals, types of things, types of materials, etc.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh-int:C20 Asserted Thing's Involvement class.
A quality of an entity as defined in customary or by written law.
This class models the integration of an entity into the individual representations of a person, or the social representations of a human collective, with a context specific connotation, classification, social quality or characterization, during a given time-span. A person or intentional collective considers that the adopted connotation, i.e. intentional quality or type, applies to the concerned entity. The integrated entity can be an actor, a physical or conceptual object, a text, an event, etc. E.g. a celebrated battle is integrated as the founding event of a country's independence into the representations of its indigenous inhabitants, or a portion of them. The personal or collective view, classification or interpretation of the entity, i.e. its individual or social connotation conceived as a (shared) qualification of it, becomes part of the representations it is integrated into. The propositional explanation, when explicit expressed, is associated to the connotation with the inherited sdh:P34 has content property while the sdh:P40 has context (is context of) property situates the concerned connotation within the wider context of the (social) representations it belongs to. As for the connotated object, it is associated to the connotation with the sdh:P39 is connotation of property and the connotating quality with the sdh:P21 is qualified by property.
This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties With the exception of E59 Primitive Value, all other classes within the CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice. In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the "ground" or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods. Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the "Neolithic Period", the "Ming Dynasty" or the "McCarthy Era", but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor. As the actual extent of an E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as islands or colonies. Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units. Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a whole. However it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area. We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomena while a space-time volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. There are two different conceptualisations of 'artistic style', defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type. Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems, regardless of scale, brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural, technological or legal phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77 Persistent Item or its subclasses. The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the scale of observation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an ‘instantaneous’ change of state. At a fine level, the E5 Event can be analysed into its component phenomena within a space and time frame, and as such can be seen as an E4 Period. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy change of state.
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural. Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter. An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a number of individually contiguous spacetime volumes equal to the number of unconnected objects that constitute the set. We model E18 Physical Thing to be a subclass of E72 Legal Object and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E18 Physical Thing without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E18 Physical Thing is matter while a spacetime volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded to be unique to it, due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.
This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers. Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc. They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.
This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible. The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.
This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc. An instance of E54 Dimension represents the true quantity, independent from its numerical approximation, e.g. in inches or in cm. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of an instance of E54 Dimension. If the true values belong to a non-discrete space, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that interoperability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions. Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension as appropriate.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CRM classes. E55 Type is the CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term). Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g.: “instances of Mandarin Chinese”. It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639:1988.
This class comprises values of primitive data types of programming languages or database management systems and data types composed of such values used as documentation elements, as well as their mathematical abstractions.They are not considered as elements of the universe of discourse this model aims at defining and analysing. Rather, they play the role of a symbolic interface between the scope of this model and the world of mathematical and computational manipulations and the symbolic objects they define and handle.In particular they comprise lexical forms encoded as "strings" or series of characters and symbols based on encoding schemes (characterised by being a limited subset of the respective mathematical abstractions) such as UNICODE and values of datatypes that can be encoded in a lexical form, including quantitative specifications of time-spans and geometry. They have in common that instances of E59 Primitive Value define themselves by virtue of their encoded value, regardless the nature of their mathematical abstractions.Therefore they must not be represented in an implementation by a universal identifier associated with a content model of different identity. In a concrete application, it is recommended that the primitive value system from a chosen implementation platform and/or data definition language be used to substitute for this class and its subclasses.
This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for time that should be implemented with appropriate validation, precision and interval logic to express date ranges relevant to cultural documentation. E61 Time Primitive is not further elaborated upon within the model.
This class comprises events that bring into existence any E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus post quem and ante quem.
This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
This class comprises discrete, identifiable man-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or man-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.
This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is true for all E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of the E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CRM.
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as a poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a "named graph" also falls under this class, so that each "named graph" is an instance of an E73 Information Object.An E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.
This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names. The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topics of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units. It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string. In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note allows for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. "bit", "Latin character", RGB pixel).
This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime regardless its true geometric form. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its projection on time.
This class comprises distinct concepts or combinations of concepts identified in artistic and intellectual expressions, such as poems, stories or musical compositions. Such concepts may appear in the course of the coherent evolution of an original idea into one or more expressions that are dominated by the original idea. A Work may be elaborated by one or more Actors simultaneously or over time. The substance of Work is ideas. A Work may have members that are works in their own right. A Work can be either individual or complex. If it is individual its concept is completely realised in a single F22 Self-Contained Expression. If it is complex its concept is embedded in an F15 Complex Work. An F15 Complex Work consists of alternative members that are either F15 Complex Works themselves or F14 Individual Works. A Work is the product of an intellectual process of one or more persons, yet only indirect evidence about it is at our hands. This can be contextual information such as the existence of an order for a work, reflections of the creators themselves that are documented somewhere, and finally the expressions of the work created. As ideas normally take shape during discussion, elaboration and implementation, it is not reasonable to assume that a work starts with a complete concept. In some cases, it can be very difficult or impossible to define the whole of the concept of a work at a particular time. The objective evidence for such a notion can only be based on a stage of expressions at a given time. In this sense, the sets of ideas that constitute particular self-contained expressions may be regarded as a kind of “snap-shot” of a work. A Work may include the concept of aggregating expressions of other works into a new expression. For instance, an anthology of poems is regarded as a work in its own right that makes use of expressions of the individual poems that have been selected and ordered as part of an intellectual process. This does not make the contents of the aggregated expressions part of this work, but only parts of the resulting expression.
This class comprises the intellectual or artistic realisations of works in the form of identifiable immaterial objects, such as texts, poems, jokes, musical or choreographic notations, movement pattern, sound pattern, images, multimedia objects, or any combination of such forms that have objectively recognisable structures. The substance of F2 Expression is signs. Expressions cannot exist without a physical carrier, but do not depend on a specific physical carrier and can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Carriers may include human memory. Inasmuch as the form of F2 Expression is an inherent characteristic of the F2 Expression, any change in form (e.g., from alpha-numeric notation to spoken word, a poem created in capitals and rendered in lower case) is a new F2 Expression. Similarly, changes in the intellectual conventions or instruments that are employed to express a work (e.g., translation from one language to another) result in the creation of a new F2 Expression. Thus, if a text is revised or modified, the resulting F2 Expression is considered to be a new F2 Expression. Minor changes, such as corrections of spelling and punctuation, etc., are normally considered variations within the same F2 Expression. On a practical level, the degree to which distinctions are made between variant expressions of a work will depend to some extent on the nature of the F1 Work itself, and on the anticipated needs of users. The genre of the work may provide an indication of which features are essential to the expression. In some cases, aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout, are not integral to the intellectual or artistic realisation of the work as such, and therefore are not distinctive criteria for the respective expressions. For another work, features such as layout may be essential. For instance, the author or a graphic designer may wrap a poem around an image. An expression of a work may include expressions of other works within it. For instance, an anthology of poems is regarded as a work in its own right that makes use of expressions of the individual poems that have been selected and ordered as part of an intellectual process. This does not make the contents of the aggregated expressions part of this work, but only parts of the resulting expression. If an instance of F2 Expression is of a specific form, such as text, image, etc., it may be simultaneously instantiated in the specific classes representing these forms in CIDOC CRM. Thereby one can make use of the more specific properties of these classes, such as language (which is applicable to instances of E33 Linguistic Object only).
This class comprises the definitions of publication products. An instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type is the “species”, and all copies of a given object are “specimens” of it. An instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type defines all of the features or traits that instances of F5 Item normally display in order that they may be recognised as copies of a particular publication. However, due to production problems or subsequent events, one or more instances of F5 Item may not exhibit all these features or traits; yet such instances still retain their relationship to the same instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type. The features that characterise a given instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type include: one instance of F24 Publication Expression, containing one or more than one instance of F2 Expression, reflecting the authors’ content of the manifestation and all additional input by the publisher; and the appropriate types of physical features for that form of the object. For example, hardcover and paperback are two distinct publications (i.e. two distinct instances of F3 Manifestation Product Type) even though authorial and editorial content are otherwise identical in both publications. The activity of cataloguing aims at the most accurate listing of features or traits of an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type that are sufficient to distinguish it from another instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type.
This class comprises works that have other works as members. The members of a Complex Work may constitute alternatives to, derivatives of, or self-contained components of other members of the same Complex Work. In practice, no clear line can be drawn between parallel and subsequent processes in the evolution of a work. One part may not be finished when another is already revised. An initially monolithic work may be taken up and evolve in pieces. The member relationship of Work is based on the conceptual relationship, and should not be confused with the internal structural parts of an individual expression. The fact that an expression may contain parts from other work(s) does not make the expressed work complex. For instance, an anthology for which only one version exists is not a complex work. The boundaries of a Complex Work have nothing to do with the value of the intellectual achievement but only with the dominance of a concept. Thus, derivations such as translations are regarded as belonging to the same Complex Work, even though in addition they constitute an Individual Work themselves. In contrast, a Work that significantly takes up and merges concepts of other works so that it is no longer dominated by the initial concept is regarded as a new work. In cataloguing practice, detailed rules are established prescribing which kinds of derivation should be regarded as crossing the boundaries of a complex work. Adaptation and derivation graphs allow the recognition of distinct sub-units, i.e. a complex work contained in a larger complex work. As a Complex Work can be taken up by any creator who acquires the spirit of its concept, it is never finished in an absolute sense.
This class comprises works whose essence is to enhance or add value to expressions from one or more other works without altering them, by the selection, arrangement and/or addition of features of different form, such as layout to words, recitation and movement to texts, performance to musical scores etc. This does not make the contents of the incorporated expressions part of the Container Work, but only part of the resulting expression. Container Work may include the addition of new, original parts to the incorporated expressions, such as introductions, graphics, etc. This class is an “abstract class,” in that it only serves as an umbrella for its three subclasses. As a consequence, it can only be instantiated by instances of any of its subclasses: nothing can be an instance of it, unless it is an instance of either F17 Aggregation Work, F19 Publication Work, or F20 Performance Work. A new version of a container work does not make the resulting complex work a Container Work as well. The inclusion of expressions from a complex work in a Container Work does not make the Container Work itself complex.
This class comprises works that are, or have been, planned to result in sequences of Expressions or Manifestations with common features. Whereas a work can acquire new members during the time it evolves, Expressions and Manifestations are identified with a certain state achieved at a particular point in time. Therefore there is in general no single Expression or Manifestation representing a complete serial work, unless the serial work has ended. Serial Works may or may not have a plan for an overall expression. The retrospective reprinting of all issues of a Serial Work at once, in the form of a monograph, is regarded to be another member of a Complex Work, which contains the Serial Work and the Individual Work realised in the monograph. This does not make the monograph part of the Serial Work.
This class comprises works that have been planned to result in a manifestation product type or an electronic publishing service and that pertain to the rendering of expressions from other works
This class comprises constellations of matter with a relative stability of any form sufficient to associate them with a persistent identity, such as being confined to certain extent, having a relative stability of form or structure, or containing a fixed amount of matter. In particular, it comprises physical things in the narrower sense and fluid bodies. It is an abstraction of physical substance for solid and non-solid things of matter.
This class comprises instances of E2 Temporal Entity or E77 Persistent Item, i.e. items or phenomena that can be observed, either directly by human sensory impression, or enhanced with tools and measurement devices, such as physical things, their behavior, states and interactions or events. Conceptual objects can be present in events by their carriers such as books, digital media, or even human memory. By virtue of this presence, properties of conceptual objects, such as number of words can be observed on their carriers. If the respective properties between carriers differ, either they carry different instances of conceptual objects or the difference can be attributed to accidental deficiencies in one of the carriers. In that sense even immaterial objects are observable. By this model we give credit to the fact that frequently, the actually observed carriers of conceptual objects are not explicitly identified in documentation, i.e., the actual carrier is assumed having existed but is unknown as an individual.
This property identifies a specific instance of F2 Expression used in order to carry out an instance of C1 Print publication event.
This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously requires consistency between the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of the CRM entity in question.
This property allows a F3 Manifestation Product Type to be linked to the C1 Print publication event that created it. The publication of a print brings virtually into existence the bibliographic reference intented as the identifying appellation of the collection of all exemplars created according to this model, in one edition of a work, i.e. a F3 Manifestation Product Type.
This property associates the publication with the author or authors of the printed expression, in the sense of the person(s) responsible for the intellectual content of the expression having been published. If one wishes to express more precise roles, one can use the sdh-so:C15 Participation class providing specific social qualities or roles to the actors. Shortcut of: C1 Print publication event R19 created a realization of F1 Work R16 was initiated by F27 Work conception P14 carried out by E39 Actor P14.1 has role Author
This property associates an expression portion with the expression it is part of. In some cases, an expression portion can be a section of more then one expressions. E.g. a chapter of a novel can start at the end of manuscript A and continue at the beginning of manuscript B. The chapter will therefore be composed of a part of the whole expression carried by manuscript A and a part of the whole expression ciarried by manuscript. Therefore the maximum quantifier of the range class is n.
Associates an Expression portion with the type which defines its identity
This property associates the actor concerned by the role in relation to the expression
This property associates a propositional object with an expression that contains it and asserts it
This property associates the generic social quality that qualifies the actor in relation to the expression and as expressed by it, e.g. being the author, editor, etc.
This property associates the specific social role or function that defines the precise role of the actor in the content of the expression, e.g. being the author of a letter in the role of a king's ambassador
This property associates a bibliographic citation to a manifestation product type that it identifies. Insofar as different styles and forms of citation are possible, more then one citation can be profided to identify the same resource.
This property associates a series and a monograph published as a volume within that series, or a periodical and one of its regular issues. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from F18 Serial Work through R10 has member (is member of), F19 Publication Work R23i was realised through (created a realisation) F30 Publication Event CLR6i should be carried by (should carry) to F3 Manifestation Product Type.
This property associates a time primitive with an expression that contains it and asserts it
Associates an Asserted Datation with the type which defines its identity
This property documents the dimension (in the sense of any quantifiable quantity) of a quantifiable component of a propositional object.
This property associates a quantifiable component with the type that defines its identity.
This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an E7 Activity. This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer. Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.
This property associates an expression with the language of the largest linguistic object it contains. The associated language is therefore considered to be the main language of the expression, e.g. the text of a book. If the expression contains no text, or no relevant text, the property is not instantiated.
This property associates the Expression Portion Classification with the Expression Portion concerned.
This property associates the Expression Portion Type that classifies the concerned Expression Portion Classification.
This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with an instance of F1 Work. This property expresses the association that exists between an expression and the work that this expression conveys. Our factual knowledge of how a given work is historically realised into expressions is often limited. Therefore, this property makes it possible to express the association between an instance of F2 Expression and the instance of F1 Work it conveys without identifying the particular instances of F2 Expression that were part of a chain of derivation from the source. This property is equivalent to lrmoo:R3 is realised in.
Associates an asserted thing's involvement with a type which expresses its essential classification.
This property associates the type that connotates the concerned entity.
This property associates to the connotation the entity that is integrated into the concerned representations, i.e. that receives a new connotation and becomes part of them, and in this way acquires a specific intentional quality. This property is a shortcut to the longer path : sdh:C30 Connotation -> sdh:P34 has content -> crm:E89 Propositional Object -> crm:P129 is about -> crm:E1 CRM Entity.
This property allows a conceptual E65 Creation to be linked to the E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
This property generalises the notions of "copy of" and "similar to" into a dynamic, asymmetric relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative, if such a direction can be established.Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric. It is a short-cut of P15 was influenced by (influenced) in a creation or production, if such a reason for the similarity can be verified. Moreover it expresses similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies a specific instance of F2 Expression used in order to carry out an instance of C1 Print publication event.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously requires consistency between the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of the CRM entity in question.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property allows a F3 Manifestation Product Type to be linked to the C1 Print publication event that created it. The publication of a print brings virtually into existence the bibliographic reference intented as the identifying appellation of the collection of all exemplars created according to this model, in one edition of a work, i.e. a F3 Manifestation Product Type.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the publication with the author or authors of the printed expression, in the sense of the person(s) responsible for the intellectual content of the expression having been published. If one wishes to express more precise roles, one can use the sdh-so:C15 Participation class providing specific social qualities or roles to the actors. Shortcut of: C1 Print publication event R19 created a realization of F1 Work R16 was initiated by F27 Work conception P14 carried out by E39 Actor P14.1 has role Author
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an expression portion with the expression it is part of. In some cases, an expression portion can be a section of more then one expressions. E.g. a chapter of a novel can start at the end of manuscript A and continue at the beginning of manuscript B. The chapter will therefore be composed of a part of the whole expression carried by manuscript A and a part of the whole expression ciarried by manuscript. Therefore the maximum quantifier of the range class is n.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates an Expression portion with the type which defines its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the actor concerned by the role in relation to the expression
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a propositional object with an expression that contains it and asserts it
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the generic social quality that qualifies the actor in relation to the expression and as expressed by it, e.g. being the author, editor, etc.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the specific social role or function that defines the precise role of the actor in the content of the expression, e.g. being the author of a letter in the role of a king's ambassador
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a bibliographic citation to a manifestation product type that it identifies. Insofar as different styles and forms of citation are possible, more then one citation can be profided to identify the same resource.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a series and a monograph published as a volume within that series, or a periodical and one of its regular issues. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from F18 Serial Work through R10 has member (is member of), F19 Publication Work R23i was realised through (created a realisation) F30 Publication Event CLR6i should be carried by (should carry) to F3 Manifestation Product Type.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a time primitive with an expression that contains it and asserts it
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates an Asserted Datation with the type which defines its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property documents the dimension (in the sense of any quantifiable quantity) of a quantifiable component of a propositional object.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a quantifiable component with the type that defines its identity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an E7 Activity. This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer. Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an expression with the language of the largest linguistic object it contains. The associated language is therefore considered to be the main language of the expression, e.g. the text of a book. If the expression contains no text, or no relevant text, the property is not instantiated.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the Expression Portion Classification with the Expression Portion concerned.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the Expression Portion Type that classifies the concerned Expression Portion Classification.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with an instance of F1 Work. This property expresses the association that exists between an expression and the work that this expression conveys. Our factual knowledge of how a given work is historically realised into expressions is often limited. Therefore, this property makes it possible to express the association between an instance of F2 Expression and the instance of F1 Work it conveys without identifying the particular instances of F2 Expression that were part of a chain of derivation from the source. This property is equivalent to lrmoo:R3 is realised in.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates an asserted thing's involvement with a type which expresses its essential classification.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the type that connotates the concerned entity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to the connotation the entity that is integrated into the concerned representations, i.e. that receives a new connotation and becomes part of them, and in this way acquires a specific intentional quality. This property is a shortcut to the longer path : sdh:C30 Connotation -> sdh:P34 has content -> crm:E89 Propositional Object -> crm:P129 is about -> crm:E1 CRM Entity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property allows a conceptual E65 Creation to be linked to the E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property generalises the notions of "copy of" and "similar to" into a dynamic, asymmetric relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative, if such a direction can be established.Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric. It is a short-cut of P15 was influenced by (influenced) in a creation or production, if such a reason for the similarity can be verified. Moreover it expresses similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons.