This class comprises characteristics, qualities or conditions of persistent items or temporal entities at a given moment or during a time-span. It is inspired by the concept of qualities in DOLCE, defined as individualized properties that inhere in particulars: a specific quality inheres in each class instance and ceases to exist at the end of the life of the instance it inheres to. The value of the quality or quale (DOLCE), e.g. the color of an object, is associated to the entity quality and is possibly time-indexed, i.e. valid at and limited to a given time-span. A characteristic or quality of an entity is conceptualised in the SDHSS ontology as a time-indexed observable phenomenon denoting the fact that the quality (DOLCE) of a given entity at a given time has a specific value or quale, and that this value is stable over the time span considered. Rather than modelling the quality as a distinct entity, as in DOLCE, the class dh:C1 Entity Quality is defined as a subclass of temporal entity and associates a specific quality value in a reference space, e.g. red, to an entity, e.g. a car. Thus, according to the present conceptualisation a quality, in this case the colour of the car, refers to a specific period of time and to a specific quality value, namely the observable phenomenon of the thing having this quality and value, and not to a quality in general, e.g. colour, which is conceptualised as a quality type. The kind of quality observed (color, weight, etc.) is specified by a suitable quality type or creating subclasses with specific properties. No generic property is defined to associate any crm:E1 Entity with a quality. As a matter of fact not all subclasses of the sdh:C1 Entity Quality class concern the same types of entities and one cannot therefore extend an inheritance of a generic has quality property to all subclasses but they have to be considered distinctly. For instance, the crm:E3 Condition State class can be considered as representig a specialization of the sdh:C1 Entity Quality class and the crm:P44 has condition (is condition of) property opportunely associates a physical object with its physical condition or state. Thus, sdh:C1 Entity Quality is an abstract class and has no direct instances. A characteristic or quality is initiated, influenced and ended by events (crm:E5 Event class) and this is modelled by correspondent properties.
The phenomenon situated in time and the social space of being perceived, i.e. classified by a group, the whole society or a portion of it, as having a social, professional or political quality in the generic sense of a social type — but not a specific, legally defined function. The present class is therefore disjoint with the sdh-so:C13 Social Role Embodiment class (a subclass of the sdh-so:C27 Legal Connotation class) as it models legal roles and functions of persons or groups.
Professional, political, religious or whatever generic social quality of an actor, be it a person or a group, as it is perceived from the point of view of the representations of a human community. A social quality is a socially constructed concept (in the sense of the connotation of an entity with a crm:E55 Type) and it is used to socially classify individuals in the perspective of the community. This class is not to be confused with the sdh-so:C12 Actor's Social Role class which models legally defined social roles and functions of actors and should be exclusively used for this kind of concepts. Social roles are formalisations of social qualities in relation to specific groups and custom or legal contexts.
This class comprises phenomenons of a social relation between people, groups or countries as it is perceived in the context of shared intention. In other words, this class does not model a physical interaction of actors in space and time (for persons this interaction is modelled with the C18 Persons' Interaction class) but the perception of a phenomenon like friendship, marriage, apprenticeship, etc. that happens in the minds and the social space. Each relationship generally involves only two instances of one or more classes. If more then two instances are involved (e.g. multilateral political relationships) the unity of time and social space must be given. If different persons or groups are socially interreladed at different times, or perceived as such in different social contexts, several instances of this class must be produced and provided with appropriate types. If the relationship is symmetrical, the sdh-so:P15 involves partner property has to be used in order to associate the partners of the relationship. If the relationship is asymmetrical, the different roles actors can have in the relationship would be described through the intentional Actor's Role in a Social Relationship (a sub-class of crm:E89 Propositional Object). Deprecated If the relationship is oriented from a source to a target (the partners having a different position in the relationship), the properties sdh-so:P17 has relationship source and sdh-so:P18 has relationship target will be used. This generic treatment allows to express a direction of the relationship. The meaning of the direction will be explicitly defined in the controlled vocabulary of relationship types. Given their different meanings, it is absolutely necessary to avoid mixing the two types of relationships: either use the sdh-so:P15 property or the sdh-so:P17 / sdh-so:P18 – they are disjoint.
This class comprises qualities of the mind of a single person, or the minds of intentional collectives, and captures the presence in their mind of propositions about entities of any kind. It is comprehensive of all intentional phenomena, be they static, in the sense of states of mind, or dynamic, in the sense of changes of mind or opinions evolving in time, i.e. new propositions replacing the former ones about the same objects. It is an abstract, uninstantiated class, providing its subclasses and descendants with the fundamental intension and relevant properties. Intentionality is defined in philosophy as the power of minds to be directed at objects, i.e. entities, states of affairs, goals, or values (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). The intended entity is the object of the intention, its content is a proposition, or a fragment of it, or a complex set of propositions about this object. It is important to note that "intentionality" is not to be confused with "intention" as the purpose people have in mind when they act. The notion of intentionality applies primarily to the representations and individual or social connotations of things, not to the theory of human action. The sdh:C4 Intention class, as a descendant of the crm:E2 Temporal Entity class, models the fact that propositions about objects, and the objects they concern, are present to human minds or intentional entities, be these taken individually or collectively, during a given time span. The intention therefore appears to be a time-related quality of a mind or minds be this realized in a more stable way, as in intentional states, or engaged in an evolutionary, dynamic process, e.g. discussing a topic or changing one's mind, which we define as an intentional event. Given that they are intimately linked, the intended object is associated to the crm:E89 Propositional Object representing the content of the intention using the crm:P129 is about property and therefore no direct property associating the intention with the object is declared at this foundational level. This allows to identify the intentional content or representations present in the mind of different intentional entities, at different times, independently of the actual quality of each mind. As a subclass of sdh:C1 Entity Quality, the Intention class inherits the properties expressing the influence of a crm:E5 Event on the quality. E. g. a physical event like a volcanic eruption can generate mental endorsement of the proposition that assesses the seriousness of the situation and invites to flee.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the histC6 Relationship class. If the relationship is oriented from a source to a target (the partners having a different position in the relationship), the properties histP49 has relationship source and histP50 has relationship target will be used. This generic treatment allows to express a direction of the relationship. The meaning of the direction will be explicitly defined in the definition of the terms in the controlled vocabulary of social relationship types.
This class comprises positions or regions in an abstract, conceptual space defined by a conventionally defined reference system, such as for measuring time, space, colors, ranges of values, etc. As such, the classes crm:E52 Time-span, crm:E53 Place, crm:E54 Dimension are all abstract regions in the sense of indicating a region or position in a reference system (a date in a calendar, geocoordinates, a value in a measuring system).This view is consistent with the top-level category 'Abstract' and the notion of 'Region' introduced by the foundational ontology DOLCE (Gangemi 2002).
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of F5 Item.
This class models the fact that a person or an organization belongs to a group during a given time span
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of C5 Membership.
This class comprises opinions, beliefs, certainties, doubts etc. of a person or collective of persons about representations concerning one or more objects. The representations, present in the minds in the form of propositional objects, are considered as being stable during a given time-span. Intentional states are modelled as a time-indexed quality inherent to a person, or persons belonging to an intentional collective, having as content a propositional object defining the content of the state of mind about an object. The concerned object of the intentional state can be associated to the propositional content using the crm:P129 is about (is subject of) property, while the type or mode of intentional state, e.g. belief, hope, fear, etc. can be expressed with the sdh:P44 has intentional type (is intentional type of) property. Individual or collective states of mind are an expression of intentionality, defined in philosophy as "the power of minds and mental states to be about, to represent, or to stand for things, properties and states of affairs. To say of an individual’s mental states that they have intentionality is to say that they are mental representations or that they have contents" (Jacob, Pierre, "Intentionality", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta).
Professional or other activity carried out by a person, more or less intensively, over a more or less long period of time. This class does not model a specific activity but a phase during which many specific instances of the same activity are carried out. Each part of having this occupation, e.g. being a merchant or a professor, is having an occupation, therefore this phenomenon is modelled as a phase. During this phase there may be times when the activity is not carried out.
Observable physical entities capable of having representations about objects. Depending on the interests of different disciplines, these can be people, animals or even artefacts, such as robots.
Any loving and/or sexual friendship between two people. This class comprises all kinds of relationships intended in the more basic, emotional and physical aspect, regardless of their social or legal form, and indicates the time span of their duration (start/end date). Same-sex unions are also to be encoded with this class.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the classs sdh:C18 Persons' Interaction.
This classes comprises changes of mind of persons or human collectives, or other dynamic phenomena taking place in the mind, such as reading or having a conversation, which are likely to bring about a change in intention. Intentional events, insofar as they happen in the minds of one or more persons, do not directly have a projection in geographical space. But as they are always related to sets of human actions (one or more) that provide the setting for the given intentional events (sdh:P43 is setting for) they share with these physical events the geographical location. E.g. the reading of a book as a mental operation, or a conversation with one or more persons has the correspondent physical events (having the book in the hand, sitting in a coffee house) as its setting.
"Gender is the state of being male or female in relation to the social and cultural roles that are considered appropriate for men and women" (Collins).
A social role is a qualification of an actor, individual or collective, that provides it with social power, i.e. some rights and duties related to the role, like a king, the president of an Academy, the Government of a country, etc. A social role exists in the context of one or more specific costums or laws and is generally related to an institutionalized context. As a subclass of the sdh-so:C26 Legal Quality class it inherits the property sdh-so:P69 is defined in the context of that associates it to a sdh-so:C25 Political or Administrative Entity instance.
This class comprises parts of the Earth's surface that can be represented by photographs, paintings or maps, and that have some coherent characteristics related to their natural features (e.g., a mountain) or to the human activities that have shaped them (e.g., a harbour). These features make them identifiable and unique. The relevant portion of the surface of the Earth can be covered by buildings, water (river, sea, ...) which are part of the identifying features. The more specific identity of instances of this class is provided by a controlled vocabulary of geographical place types.
The fact of having a more or less formally defined social role or function in a group at a given moment or during a given time-span. The social role is modelled as an embodiment by a (Human) Actor of a Social Actor. It provides the (Human) Actor with prerogatives and rights that are exercised with respect to other persons and groups. It is therefore modelled as a social connotation, i.e. a social qualification of an Actor.
This class models prerogatives, obligations, rights, powers, etc. of subjects of law (human or legal actors) regarding specific persistent items during a given time-span. While sdh-so:C17 Custom or Law expresses general principles, a sdh-so:C14 Holding of a Right or Obligation applies them to particular instances. Right or obligations can nevertheless exist independently from a general law and be solely based on social representations, e.g. this field being considered as belonging to me in my village. It is important to note that this class models the same phenomenon, in the form of a time-bound intentional quality, as the one inteded by the crm:E30 Right class. The present class models it as an expression of collective intentionality in time while the crm:E30 Right class captures the propositional content of the phenomenon. If desired, the class crm:E30 Right can be explicitly associated with the present class by using the inherited sdh:P34 has content property which associates a sdh:C4 Intention with its propositional content. In the present case the propositional content of the intention is the collectively accepted right.
This class comprises periods of a more or less active participation of an actor (generally a person but sometimes a group) in an event, be this a battle, voyage, conference, etc. If the participation involves the exercise of a function or holding of an office or rank this can be associated using the sdh-so:P12 is participation in the quality of property. One or more functions can be associated to the same Participation if their time span is identical. It is otherwise preferable to split consecutive holdings of an office in the same event producing several instances of the present class. The time-span of this class is equal to or included in the time-span of the related event. The crm:P11 had participant is a shortcut of the full path: crm:E5 Event→ sdh-so:P11 has participation (as inverse of sdh-so:P11 is participation in) → sdh-so:C15 Participation → sdh-so:P10 is participation of → crm:E39 Actor .
This class comprises descriptions of participants in events that are not yet identified as well-known persons or groups. It can also be used to express the propositional content of a document mentioning the participation of several distinct participants. The wording is not essential, the intentional content is, therefore this class is a subclass of propositional object.
Formalized set of rules, valid for a group and its members, defining rights and obligations of the concerned actors, and rights over or obligations concerning specific things. A law is generally created by the enactment of legislatures, while common law and custom derive from usage or practice of the people: by common adoption and acquiescence, and by long and unvarying habit, their rules have become compulsory, and acquired the force of a law.
This class comprises instances of man-made things such as freestanding buildings, components of buildings, and complexes of buildings, but also all man-made parts of infrastructure (roads, lamp post, dams, etc.)
This class models the interaction of persons in time and physical (generally geographical) space. It is disjoint with the C3 Social Relationship class which models the interaction in time and the social space, i.e. the space of a collective state of mind and shared social representations. The interaction is not restricted to a quantity of persons (a meeting can be modelled with this class) but there must be a unity in time and space for all the participants if the involved persons are more than two. If a person joins the interaction at a later moment than the beginning, the C15 Participation class can be used.
This class models the fact that entities (generally conceptual objects but sometimes specific actors, things or events) are integrated into customs or laws during a given period of time. They are therefore to be considered as legal entities, i.e. entities that are part of legal systems or traditions and customs, and are considered in this context as virtually being in force. Thus, legal entities become such through integration (by definition or connotation) into legal systems, i.e. a specific form of social representations with wider acceptance and validity. The existence of the legal individual generally begins with a constitutive social event (a sdh-so:C16 Legal Conceptual Object Creation for conceptual objects) and ends either with a social event that terminates its existence or with the disappearance of all the people (internal or external to the social collective) who actively considered it as existing and being in force. Knowing that a legal individual existed does not make it legally existing now: the phenomenon modelled is the virtually being in force, according to active social representations, not the later knowledge of its existence in earlier times.
This class models the validity of a custom, law, right or obligation, i.e. the being in force of a general or specific right according to collective intentionalty in the context of specific social representations.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to classify and provide a more specific identity to instances of the Custom or Law class.
This class comprises concepts used to classify instances of the Legal Quality class. It should not be confused with the legal quality itself expressed by the C26 Legal quality class, e.g. the legal quality instance is 'French nationality' and the legal quality type is 'Nationality'.
Religious identity of a person in the sense of perception by surrounding society, participation in religious events (e.g. going to church) and contribution to define one' self-concept in the sense of public preference for a specific religion or religious denomination. The official membership in a religious group or Church is not modeled with this class, only the religious social quality of a person.
This class models religious identity in the sense of social sciences, as a type classifying individuals belonging to social-cultural systems of designated behaviors and practices, morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements (religion) or is a subgroup within a religion that operates under a common name, tradition, and identity (religious denomination). The instances of this class should be entered as characteristics of people (Catholic, Muslim, etc.) and not as religions (Catholicism, Islam, etc.).
Persons who share the same representations, i.e. the same views or conceptualizations of things in the world, or the same know-how and practical attitudes, and collective emotions, or the same language, without acting collectively and therefore without being an identifiable crm:E74 Group but being generally aware of sharing these conceptualizations or views with other people and thus having, at least to a certain extent, a common social identity based on social representations and collective intentionality. The fact of sharing representations, and knowing to share them with other people, is what constitutes in the most general sense a human intentional collective or social context, besides relations of social power based on acceptance of collective rules, or plans to act together. Individuality is realised in the context of this substrate, i.e. the sharing and adopting, and contributing to the development of social representations. The present class is modelled without taking a stand in the ongoing debate about the nature of collective intentionality: is it simply the sum of individual intentions or does it express something more substantial in the sense of an intentional collective ? The class is open to both interpretations and one can choose to use or not the sdh:C25 Intentional Collective class for expressing collective intentionality, or provide specific types to the sdh:C26 Representations, e.g. 'social representations' for modelling views and conceptualizations shared by groups and societies. In the perspective of social psychology and social sciences, individual intentionality cannot exist outside a socialisation that shapes the language and categories of thought of humans. Individuality is realised in the context of this substrate, i.e. the sharing and adopting, or contributing to the development of social representations. Beyond its irreducible individuality, a person embodies, and specialises, an intentional collective which he or she helps to achieve and contributes to evolve. This constant interaction between persons and intentional collectives appears to be one of the foundations of social life.
A political or administrative entity is a body of customs and laws, actor roles and other rules defined in the context of a social space and generally, but not necessarily, related to a specific territory (a geographical place).This class models entities that exist as intentional individuals and are based on oral tradition or written laws such as the Swiss Confederation, the Department of Rhône or the Commune de Fribourg. They only exist in collective representations and, on the opposite of instances of the sdh-so:C12 Actor's Social Role class, cannot be embodied by actors, individual or collective, because they have no virtual capacity to act in contrast to governments, prefects or local councils. The Swiss Confederation cannot act while the Swiss Federal Council or the Parliament can insofar as they are embodied by corresponding groups in the context of a legislature.
Social representations are defined in the social sciences as systems of values, beliefs, knowledge, etc. that serve to establish social order, guide people in their actions, enable them to communicate with each other, and structure groups and communities. They are modelled in this context as a collection of propositional objects, types and information objects that represent the content of the social representations of a given human group.
A quality of an entity as defined in customary or by written law.
This class models the fact that a persistent item, during a given time-span, is perceived by human groups, a society or portions of it as having a legal quality. The identity of the instances of this class and its subclasses is provided by the actual existence of the legal fact. This is intendend in the sense of an effective social connotation implying actual rights and obligations. The crm:E52 Time-Span of this class therefore corresponds to the actual existence of the legal fact, not a later knowledge of its existence. To capture the latter information use an instance of sdh:C7 Intentional State, the intentional content being the knowledge of the earlier existence of the legal quality.
This class models the official residence or address of an actor, be this a person or a group
This class models the acquisition of a legal quality, e.g. a noble or academic title, a residence permit, a political office (notion of embodiment of the office as result of the acquisition), etc.
This class models the integration of an entity into the individual representations of a person, or the social representations of a human collective, with a context specific connotation, classification, social quality or characterization, during a given time-span. A person or intentional collective considers that the adopted connotation, i.e. intentional quality or type, applies to the concerned entity. The integrated entity can be an actor, a physical or conceptual object, a text, an event, etc. E.g. a celebrated battle is integrated as the founding event of a country's independence into the representations of its indigenous inhabitants, or a portion of them. The personal or collective view, classification or interpretation of the entity, i.e. its individual or social connotation conceived as a (shared) qualification of it, becomes part of the representations it is integrated into. The propositional explanation, when explicit expressed, is associated to the connotation with the inherited sdh:P34 has content property while the sdh:P40 has context (is context of) property situates the concerned connotation within the wider context of the (social) representations it belongs to. As for the connotated object, it is associated to the connotation with the sdh:P39 is connotation of property and the connotating quality with the sdh:P21 is qualified by property.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to classify and provide a more specific identity to instances of the Actor's Legal Quality Acquisition class, e.g. nomination, election, etc. If the modes of attribution of the legal quality are more complex, it is preferable to create specific subclasses in namespaces dedicated to subdomains in order to have the necessary specifications and properties.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to classify and provide a more specific identity to instances of the Holding of a Right class.
This class comprises concepts used to classify instances of the Social Role class grouping them according the different domains of social life
This class models individual concepts that are not used to classify or characterize other entities, like instances of crm:E55 Type, but are defined by propositional objects (descriptions in the sense of the Descriptions and Situations ontology) and exist in individual or collective states of mind, or in texts and other information objects. These individuals do not exist in physical reality but just in the intentionality of a person or an intentional collective. For example a character in a novel, such as Jean Valjean in Les Misérables by Victor Hugo, or your bank account, are abstract individuals. Abstract individuals are created as any other conceptual object by actors in events of type crm:E65 Creation. They are integrated into social representations through sdh-so:C30 Social Connotation, i.e. adoption and integration of these individuals by a collective of humans into their own understanding of reality or into their fictional world.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor.
A collection of occupations or other kinds of activities
This class expresses the association of an actor with a spatio-temporal or intentional event in which it is not necessarily present, but to which it is known to be associated with a specific role (e.g. the sponsor of a concert, the official organiser of a conference, the commissioner of a murder). This intentional phenomenon, present in the minds of the observers in the form of a propositional object, gives the actor a specific social quality in relation to the event. It is important to note that if the actor is actually participating in the event with a specifc role, the sdh:C15 Participation class should be used to capture this information. In this case, the present class can be used to capture one or more social qualities associated with the actor in his participation to the event, e.g. being present as the ambassador of a king. Furthermore, if other events are known that are at the origin of the actor's quality, like the event of providing funding for the event that mekes on to be a sponsor, or the meeting in which the murder was commissioned that makes one to be the principal in a murder, these should be produced as distinct instances of the crm:E5 Event class or specific subclasses.
A project consisting of a sequence of operations or action to carry out in order to achieve a goal.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh-so:C15 Participation class. A participation type is often defined in relation to event types, and can be associated to the relevant ones using the sdh:P69 is defined in relation to property
This class comprises economic interactions involving the exchange of goods, services, money and assets between economic agents. The objects of economic interaction include all types of tangible and intangible items such as services, insurance, capital transfers. They may be unilateral and not involve a claim for repayment, such as gifts.
This class models the fact that a person or a group, i. e. a collective of persons, has or shares a plan. In a group, the plan enables it to act collectively, and therefore one or more plans can be considered essential to the existence of a "unifying relationship" in a group (cf. the definition of crm:E74 Group).
This class expresses the phenomenon of the presence and role of one or more 'things', i.e. non-acting persistent items, in an event in which the thing or things are physically or intentionally, but passively present. A dedicated type describes the role of the associated entity while it is also possible to provide qualities that characterise the intentional or social role associated with the thing in the context of the event. One or more humans can be associated to an event as involved things but they are then the object and not the subject of the involvement, like in the case of slave trade. If humans act in the context of the event, the sdh-so:C15 Participation class must be used. The crm::P12 occurred in the presence of property is a shortcut of the complete path ... The crm:P11 had participant is a shortcut of the full path: crm:E5 Event→ sdh-so:P11 has participation (as inverse of sdh-so:P11 is participation in) → sdh-so:C15 Participation → sdh-so:P10 is participation of → crm:E39 Actor .
This class expresses the intentional (or in other words in the social mind) relation that can exist between different participants in an event. This relation is not a spatio-temporal phenomenon that can be observed, unlike the participation itself, but a social state of mind of the participants or/and the observers.The type of relation can be documented with an instance of CX Participation Relation Type, based on a controlled vocabulary, while the quality of each participation in the relation can be expressed by instances of CX Role in Participation Relation linking the instances of CX Participation and the instance of CX Participation Relation.
A collection of entities as conceived or imagined as existing by a person, a group or an intentional collective.The belonging to a collection results from a classification of the concerned objects by a concept. "The concept(s) that classify all the members of a collection are said to cover a collection" (Gangemi Aldo, « Norms and plans as unification criteria for social collectives. », Auton. Agents Multi Agent Syst. 17 (1), 2008, pp. 70‑112, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-008-9038-9. ) The membership of an object to an intentional collection (an abstract individual) which results from the classification can be expressed using the sdh:C8 Intentional Composition class or its subclasses.
This class describes the type of participation relation of participants of an event. It does not describe the role of each participant, but the general type of relation.
This class expresses the intentional role of a participant in relation to another participant. This means that this class describes the social characteristics of an actor, but in the specific context of a participation that bears some relation with another participation of an actor. For example, an actor participating in a conference could be the assistant of another actor who participates in this conference as the main speaker. This is different from the more general role an actor could have while participating (and therefore not connected to another specific participant).This class is not a temporal phenomenon such as the class sdh:C1 Entity Quality or its subclasses, but a propositional object related to the temporal phenomenon of the Participation Relation, an intentional state.
This class describes the type of political or administrative entity, based on a controled vocabulary.
This class expresses the intentional role of an Actor within a Social Relationship. This class is not a temporal phenomenon such as the class sdh:C1 Entity Quality or its subclasses, but a propositional object related to the temporal and intentional phenomenon of the Social Relationship.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh-so:C38 Presence of a Thing class. A presence type is often defined in relation to event types, and can be associated to the relevant ones using the sdh:P69 is defined in relation to property
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh:C37 Economic Transaction class, e.g. money gift, selling, borrowing, etc.
This class comprises legal interactions between two or more actors establishing a new legal situation. The objects of legal interaction include all types of agreement, convention, contract, treaty. The legal agreement could be entered into within a defined legal framework, whether customary or written or by agreement between the parties (private agreement) which has the force of law. The participations of the various parties and participants in the legal agreement are described by the use of as many sdh-so:C15 Participation as necessary.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to classify and provide a more specific identity to instances of the sdh-so:C46 Legal Agreement class.
This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties With the exception of E59 Primitive Value, all other classes within the CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice. In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the "ground" or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods. Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the "Neolithic Period", the "Ming Dynasty" or the "McCarthy Era", but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor. As the actual extent of an E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as islands or colonies. Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units. Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a whole. However it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area. We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomena while a space-time volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. There are two different conceptualisations of 'artistic style', defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type. Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems, regardless of scale, brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural, technological or legal phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77 Persistent Item or its subclasses. The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the scale of observation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an ‘instantaneous’ change of state. At a fine level, the E5 Event can be analysed into its component phenomena within a space and time frame, and as such can be seen as an E4 Period. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy change of state.
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural. Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter. An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a number of individually contiguous spacetime volumes equal to the number of unconnected objects that constitute the set. We model E18 Physical Thing to be a subclass of E72 Legal Object and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E18 Physical Thing without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E18 Physical Thing is matter while a spacetime volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded to be unique to it, due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.
This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy). In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects. The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.
This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived or are natural products of or from living organisms. Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Man-Made Object.
This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.
This class comprises physical objects purposely created by human activity. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, an inscribed piece of rock or a preserved butterfly are both regarded as instances of E22 Man-Made Object.
This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects. Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not. Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature. This definition coincides with the definition of "fiat objects" (Smith Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects”.
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers. Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc. They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.
This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible. The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.
This class comprises signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class or category within a certain context. Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but instead by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of E41 Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes. Specific subclasses of E41 Appellation should be used when instances of E41 Appellation of a characteristic form are used for particular objects. Instances of E49 Time Appellation, for example, which take the form of instances of E50 Date, can be easily recognised. E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CRM classes. E55 Type is the CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term). Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
This class comprises events that bring into existence any E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus post quem and ante quem.
This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living beings). Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same E67 Birth event. The introduction of the E67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood with the intervention of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth event.
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
This class comprises discrete, identifiable man-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or man-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.
This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is true for all E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of the E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CRM.
This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of E39 Actors that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the Group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e., a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group. A gathering of people becomes an E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modeled as membership in an E74 Group (cf. HumanML markup). Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.
This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names. The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
This class comprises all instances of E22 Man-Made Object that are explicitly designed to act as persistent physical carriers for instances of E73 Information Object. An E84 Information Carrier may or may not contain information, e.g., a diskette. Note that any E18 Physical Thing may carry information, such as an E34 Inscription. However, unless it was specifically designed for this purpose, it is not an Information Carrier. Therefore the property P128 carries (is carried by) applies to E18 Physical Thing in general.
This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topics of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units. It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string. In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note allows for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. "bit", "Latin character", RGB pixel).
This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime regardless its true geometric form. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its projection on time.
This class comprises physical objects (printed books, scores, CDs, DVDs, CD-ROMS, etc.) that carry a F24 Publication Expression and were produced by an industrial process involving an F3 Manifestation Product Type.
This class comprises physical objects that carry one or more instances of F24 Publication Expression.
This class comprises constellations of matter with a relative stability of any form sufficient to associate them with a persistent identity, such as being confined to certain extent, having a relative stability of form or structure, or containing a fixed amount of matter. In particular, it comprises physical things in the narrower sense and fluid bodies. It is an abstraction of physical substance for solid and non-solid things of matter.
This class comprises instances of E2 Temporal Entity or E77 Persistent Item, i.e. items or phenomena that can be observed, either directly by human sensory impression, or enhanced with tools and measurement devices, such as physical things, their behavior, states and interactions or events. Conceptual objects can be present in events by their carriers such as books, digital media, or even human memory. By virtue of this presence, properties of conceptual objects, such as number of words can be observed on their carriers. If the respective properties between carriers differ, either they carry different instances of conceptual objects or the difference can be attributed to accidental deficiencies in one of the carriers. In that sense even immaterial objects are observable. By this model we give credit to the fact that frequently, the actually observed carriers of conceptual objects are not explicitly identified in documentation, i.e., the actual carrier is assumed having existed but is unknown as an individual.
This property describes the naming or identification of any real world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property associates to the Temporal Entity the Actor (individual or group) that is member of a group
This is an abstract property – do not use it in profiles ! As a high level meta-property the present property expresses the fact that the range class is an identity defining component of the domain class This means that the identity of the domain class instance depends on the associated range class instance and no alternative instances are allowed for this property against the general rule of CIDOC CRM. E.g. in the case of a Birth – E67 there can be no discussion about the person which is P98 brought into life by a specific instance of a birth. A specific instance of a birth is always related to just one person (or a limited range of persons in the case of twins, triplets, etc.). A discussion (and therefore production of alternative property instances) can take place concerning the P97 from father property or the birth place, but never about the P98 brought into life property. This is necessary to allow data consistency in an information system and avoid considering e.g. the same birth instance as the birth of five different people which makes discussion impossible about the mother, father or birth place of one specific person. This property has no direct instances but is used to specify the role of the instanciated subproperties as identifying properties for the domain temporal entity.
domain class has identity defining component
This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously requires consistency between the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of the CRM entity in question.
Associates an Item (F5) with the type which defines its identity
This property associates the group concerned by the membership
Associates a membership with the type which defines its identity, making clear the kind of membership that is intended (legal, informal, simple association or full membership, etc.). The type of membership should not be confused with the different roles that a person can take on during membership. These can be registered using the sdh-so:P63 has quality during membership property or the sdh-so:C13 Social Role Embodiment class.
This property associates the person having the given occupation
Is the type of the time-related occupation of a person
Associates the geographical place where the whole activity takes place. If the place changes during the activity this property should not be used and different instances of sdh-so:C15 Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing should be produced, one per location and time span.
The organization within which the occupation is carried out, the person entrusting the occupation, etc. Use properties of properties to clarify, if necessary, the role of the organization or person entrusting the occupation.
This property associates the persistent item to the right subjection it is concerned by
This property associates the actor or actors having the right over a given persistent item. If more then one actor is associated, this means they exercise their right on the same persistent item collectively and during the same period of time.
This property associates the actor (person or group) participating in the event. Only one actor can be added per class instance.
This property identifies the event to which the participation is related.
The function exercised or office/rank hold by the actor participating in the event. E.g. someone participating in an international conference not as a private person but as an ambassador of a state. More then one instance of this property per event and the same actor are possible but in this case the time span must be the same for all of them. Otherwise different instances of the class Participation should be created.
This property associates the actor (person or group) concerned by the social quality
This property describes the active participation of an E39 Actor in an E7 Activity. It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property allows the nature of an Actor’s participation to be specified.
Associates the considered social quality. The maximal cardinality is one for social qualities because each of them has to be associated to the actor separately. This is because no only each quality sould be considered individually, but the time span of each of them is usually different. Therefore it cannot be expressed in just one temporal entity instance
Associates to the relationship the persons or groups involved in it. Each relationship generally involves only two instances of one or more classes. Informal relationships like commercial relations or friendship should be restricted to two persistent items per instance. Therefore, the range quantifiers sould be: 2,2. Relationships involving more than two partners could be used to express multi-lateral agreements, treaties, etc. although it is preferable to treat structured relationships between several entities as membership in a group. This is mandatory if the duration of the relationship is not the same for all partners.
Associates a social relationship with the type which defines its identity
This property associates to the relationhips the actor being at its source, i.e. the starting vertex in a directed relationship
This property associates to the relationhips the actor being its target, i.e. the vertex at the end of a directed relationship
A social role is often defined in relation to a group in order to characterise its members or entities involved in the life of the group or the plans that constitute it.
This property associates the two (always two) instances of E21 Person participating to the C9 Union.
This property associates a sdh:C18 Persons' Interaction with the sdh:C10 Type of Interaction which defines its identity.
This property models the biological origin of a birth from the physical union of the parents. This is the common scenario. For more specific situations, like adoption or artificial procreation, a more suitable model should be applied.
This property associates a person with their gender. This is a shortcut for the longer path through sdh-so:C1 Social Perception an Actor expressing the evolving perception of the gender of an individual over time (as subclass of sdh:C30 Connotation). The quantifier on the gender side is open to allow the documentation of different genders, even if it is without temporality.
This property associates a person to the geographical region or place he/she comes from, in the sense of unspecified origin. If this place or region is the place where the person was born, it would be preferable to use a E67 Birth event
This property associates the participant description to the event in which the person or persons, or group, participated
This property associates a person or group to the embodiment of social actor, i.e. the fact of acting in the quality and virtue of being the human actor who realises a social actor, an abstract individual possessing more or less clearly defined rights and duties.
This property associates an entity with a characterization that integrates it into a tradition, custom or law.
This property associates the custom or law that integrates (i.e. defines or connotates) the entity under consideration.
Associates a right holding to the type which defines its identity.
This property associates to the custom or law to its temporal quality or validity time-span in collective intentionality.
This property associates the object with is subject to the right or obligation.
Associates a C17 Right or obligation instance with the type which defines its identity.
This property associates the social role of an actor, understood as a time-indexed quality of it, with the instance of the Social Actor class, i.e. with the abstract individual that the actor (as group or person) embodies.
This property models the fact that an actor participates in an event on behalf of another actor, be this for representing him or for other reasons. One can represent more then one actor in one and the same event, but in this case the time-span of the representation must be the same for all represented actors. Otherwise, several instances of participation should be produced.
Associates a social quality (temporal entity) with the type which defines its identity
This property associates the social event to the spatio-temporal, physical event in which the social event (defined in human collective intentionality but not physical space) happens.
Associates the legal quality of an actor to the temporal validity of it
Associates a type to a legal connotation.
Associates a legal quality to the type that classifies it.
This property associates to the connotation the entity that is integrated into the concerned representations, i.e. that receives a new connotation and becomes part of them, and in this way acquires a specific intentional quality. This property is a shortcut to the longer path : sdh:C30 Connotation -> sdh:P34 has content -> crm:E89 Propositional Object -> crm:P129 is about -> crm:E1 CRM Entity.
This property associates the geographical domain of validity of a law, custom, right or obligation
This property associates a particular intention, be this a state of mind or intentional event, to the representations of an individual intentional entity that are the context of the propositional content of the intention. Generally these representations are shared with the intentional collective or portion of society this individual lives in and is socialized into. The same intentional content can be related to different representational contexts. Therefore the n to n quantification of this property.
This property associates the two or more persons involved in the interaction. If more than two persons are involved in one instance of an interaction, e.g. in the case of a meeting, there must be a unity in time and space for all the participants. If a person joins the interaction at a later moment than the beginning, or leaves before the end, the C15 Participation class can be used.
This property associates the persistent item (an actor, a physical thing, a symbol, etc.) that acquires a legal quality.
This property associates the legal quality acquired by a given actor
This property associates the individual or group who delivers the legal quality. One or more actors may be involved in conferring a legal quality to another actor. However, it is preferable to associate only the main actors with this property. For more specific cases, or if one wants to specify the roles of the different actors, it is preferable to use more specialized classes or classes modelling the specific participation of an actor in the event.
Associates as Actor's Legal Quality Acquisition instance with the type which defines its identity.
This property associates a participant description with one or more participations (and therefore indirectly participants) mentioned in the description
This property associates the address, building or other construction that represents the socially acknowledged location of an actor
This property associates the plan or design that is held by a person or shared by the group
This property associates the geographical location which represents, in a generic way, the socially acknowledged location of an actor
This property associates a type to an instance of the a Social Role class in order to specify its identity
This property associates a type that provides a specific identity to the given instance of the sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor class.
This property associates the persistent item that is provided with a legal quality in the context of specific social representations, i.e. that receives a new legal connotation valid for the society or portion of it sharing the concerned representations.
This property associates the legal connotation with a group that represents the context in which the legal quality is realized by or associated to the persisten item.
This property associates a legal quality to the custom or law defining it. This association provides the context of validity of the quality (as type) and can associate more then one law for complex qualities. The moment of the creation of the legal quality can be captured using the sdh-so:C16 Legal Conceptual Object Creation class. The temporal existence of the quality, as expressed by this property, is related to the whole duration of the being in force of the traditions, customs or laws defining it. If the duration of validity of the quality is shorter than the whole duration of the considered custom(s) or law(s) then the sdh-so:C19 Legal Integration class should be used to express the fact that a quality stopped to be integrated in the law, and therefore was not any more in force.
This property associates an occupation with the domain of activity it belongs to, i.e. with the activity type that classifies the occupation.
This property associates the group or organisation within which the social role embodiment is carried out.
This property associates the event to which the actor is associated in the intentionality of observers.
This property associates the social quality qualifying an actor in the context of a spatio-temporal or intentional event.
This property associates the actor to which the quality is associated in intentionality
This property associates the intentional event to which the actor is associated in the intentionality of observers.
is quality in relation to intentional event
This property models the fact that the quality of an actor in relation to an event is exercices under the mandated of another actor
This property associates the legal quality acquisition with a person or, more frequently, group that represents the context in relation to which the legal quality is realized by persisten item.
This class comprises the social quality or role of an actor while belonging to a group. It is possible to have more than one quality or role per membership. In the case of institutional functions with different time spans, the sdh-so:C13 Social Role Embodiment class should be preferred to capture the evolution in time of a person's functions in a group.
This property associates an entity with a preferred type which expresses its basic or original identity. Unlike the crm:P2 has type property the range maximal quantity is restricted to one. Additional types can be added using other typing properties or the classification class. Identifying typs, i.e. types that define the identity of the typed entites and cannot be changed during the whole entity existence should be expressend using the sdh:P67 has kind (is kind of) → sdh:C50 Kind construct.
Associates the participation with a type that provides its identity
This property associates an instance of sdh-so:C39 Participation Relation and the type that provides a specific identity of that relation, an instance of sdh-so:C40 Participation Relation Type.
This property associates an instance of sdh-so:C39 Participation Relation with the propositional object (an instance of sdh-so:C41 Role in Participation Relation) that describes the role of the participant within this relation. The Social Role itself is linked to that instance of sdh-so:C41 Role in Participation Relation
This property associates a participation with the role of the participant in a specific participation relationship. A participation can have multiple roles, but a role is only linked to a specific participation.
This property links the participation role of a participant in an event, to the role itself, documented with a controlled vocabulary.
This property attaches legal qualities to the political or administrative entity in the context of which they are defined and valid.
This property associates an instance of C13 Social Role Embodiement with the instance of C25 Political or Administrative Entity in which the social role is carried in.
This property associates an instance of C25 Political or Administrative Entity with the type that classifies it.
has political or administrative entity type
This property links the Actor's Role in a Social Relationship to the role itself, documented with a controlled vocabulary.
This property associates an actor to the role it has within a social relationship.
This property associates an Actor's Role in a Social Relation with the specific social relationship it has as context.
This property associates the thing passively present in the event. Only one thing can be added per class instance.
This property associates the event to which the presence is related.
Associates the presence with a type that provides its identity, i.e. the kind of presence and things role in the event
This property associates an economic transaction with a type that indentifies its ontological substance.
has economic transaction identifying type
This property associates the legal agreement with the custom or law to which it refers or which constitutes the legal context of the agreement.
This property associates a legal agreement to the type that classifies it.
This property allows a conceptual E65 Creation to be linked to the E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
This property documents that an E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity. This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an E89 Propositional Object.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the naming or identification of any real world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to the Temporal Entity the Actor (individual or group) that is member of a group
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This is an abstract property – do not use it in profiles ! As a high level meta-property the present property expresses the fact that the range class is an identity defining component of the domain class This means that the identity of the domain class instance depends on the associated range class instance and no alternative instances are allowed for this property against the general rule of CIDOC CRM. E.g. in the case of a Birth – E67 there can be no discussion about the person which is P98 brought into life by a specific instance of a birth. A specific instance of a birth is always related to just one person (or a limited range of persons in the case of twins, triplets, etc.). A discussion (and therefore production of alternative property instances) can take place concerning the P97 from father property or the birth place, but never about the P98 brought into life property. This is necessary to allow data consistency in an information system and avoid considering e.g. the same birth instance as the birth of five different people which makes discussion impossible about the mother, father or birth place of one specific person. This property has no direct instances but is used to specify the role of the instanciated subproperties as identifying properties for the domain temporal entity.
is identity defining component of domain class
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously requires consistency between the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of the CRM entity in question.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates an Item (F5) with the type which defines its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the group concerned by the membership
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a membership with the type which defines its identity, making clear the kind of membership that is intended (legal, informal, simple association or full membership, etc.). The type of membership should not be confused with the different roles that a person can take on during membership. These can be registered using the sdh-so:P63 has quality during membership property or the sdh-so:C13 Social Role Embodiment class.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the person having the given occupation
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Is the type of the time-related occupation of a person
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates the geographical place where the whole activity takes place. If the place changes during the activity this property should not be used and different instances of sdh-so:C15 Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing should be produced, one per location and time span.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. The organization within which the occupation is carried out, the person entrusting the occupation, etc. Use properties of properties to clarify, if necessary, the role of the organization or person entrusting the occupation.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the persistent item to the right subjection it is concerned by
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the actor or actors having the right over a given persistent item. If more then one actor is associated, this means they exercise their right on the same persistent item collectively and during the same period of time.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the actor (person or group) participating in the event. Only one actor can be added per class instance.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies the event to which the participation is related.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. The function exercised or office/rank hold by the actor participating in the event. E.g. someone participating in an international conference not as a private person but as an ambassador of a state. More then one instance of this property per event and the same actor are possible but in this case the time span must be the same for all of them. Otherwise different instances of the class Participation should be created.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the actor (person or group) concerned by the social quality
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the active participation of an E39 Actor in an E7 Activity. It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property allows the nature of an Actor’s participation to be specified.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates the considered social quality. The maximal cardinality is one for social qualities because each of them has to be associated to the actor separately. This is because no only each quality sould be considered individually, but the time span of each of them is usually different. Therefore it cannot be expressed in just one temporal entity instance
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates to the relationship the persons or groups involved in it. Each relationship generally involves only two instances of one or more classes. Informal relationships like commercial relations or friendship should be restricted to two persistent items per instance. Therefore, the range quantifiers sould be: 2,2. Relationships involving more than two partners could be used to express multi-lateral agreements, treaties, etc. although it is preferable to treat structured relationships between several entities as membership in a group. This is mandatory if the duration of the relationship is not the same for all partners.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a social relationship with the type which defines its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to the relationhips the actor being at its source, i.e. the starting vertex in a directed relationship
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to the relationhips the actor being its target, i.e. the vertex at the end of a directed relationship
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. A social role is often defined in relation to a group in order to characterise its members or entities involved in the life of the group or the plans that constitute it.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the two (always two) instances of E21 Person participating to the C9 Union.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a sdh:C18 Persons' Interaction with the sdh:C10 Type of Interaction which defines its identity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property models the biological origin of a birth from the physical union of the parents. This is the common scenario. For more specific situations, like adoption or artificial procreation, a more suitable model should be applied.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a person with their gender. This is a shortcut for the longer path through sdh-so:C1 Social Perception an Actor expressing the evolving perception of the gender of an individual over time (as subclass of sdh:C30 Connotation). The quantifier on the gender side is open to allow the documentation of different genders, even if it is without temporality.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a person to the geographical region or place he/she comes from, in the sense of unspecified origin. If this place or region is the place where the person was born, it would be preferable to use a E67 Birth event
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the participant description to the event in which the person or persons, or group, participated
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a person or group to the embodiment of social actor, i.e. the fact of acting in the quality and virtue of being the human actor who realises a social actor, an abstract individual possessing more or less clearly defined rights and duties.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an entity with a characterization that integrates it into a tradition, custom or law.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the custom or law that integrates (i.e. defines or connotates) the entity under consideration.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a right holding to the type which defines its identity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to the custom or law to its temporal quality or validity time-span in collective intentionality.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the object with is subject to the right or obligation.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a C17 Right or obligation instance with the type which defines its identity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the social role of an actor, understood as a time-indexed quality of it, with the instance of the Social Actor class, i.e. with the abstract individual that the actor (as group or person) embodies.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property models the fact that an actor participates in an event on behalf of another actor, be this for representing him or for other reasons. One can represent more then one actor in one and the same event, but in this case the time-span of the representation must be the same for all represented actors. Otherwise, several instances of participation should be produced.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a social quality (temporal entity) with the type which defines its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the social event to the spatio-temporal, physical event in which the social event (defined in human collective intentionality but not physical space) happens.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates the legal quality of an actor to the temporal validity of it
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a type to a legal connotation.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a legal quality to the type that classifies it.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to the connotation the entity that is integrated into the concerned representations, i.e. that receives a new connotation and becomes part of them, and in this way acquires a specific intentional quality. This property is a shortcut to the longer path : sdh:C30 Connotation -> sdh:P34 has content -> crm:E89 Propositional Object -> crm:P129 is about -> crm:E1 CRM Entity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the geographical domain of validity of a law, custom, right or obligation
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a particular intention, be this a state of mind or intentional event, to the representations of an individual intentional entity that are the context of the propositional content of the intention. Generally these representations are shared with the intentional collective or portion of society this individual lives in and is socialized into. The same intentional content can be related to different representational contexts. Therefore the n to n quantification of this property.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the two or more persons involved in the interaction. If more than two persons are involved in one instance of an interaction, e.g. in the case of a meeting, there must be a unity in time and space for all the participants. If a person joins the interaction at a later moment than the beginning, or leaves before the end, the C15 Participation class can be used.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the persistent item (an actor, a physical thing, a symbol, etc.) that acquires a legal quality.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the legal quality acquired by a given actor
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the individual or group who delivers the legal quality. One or more actors may be involved in conferring a legal quality to another actor. However, it is preferable to associate only the main actors with this property. For more specific cases, or if one wants to specify the roles of the different actors, it is preferable to use more specialized classes or classes modelling the specific participation of an actor in the event.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates as Actor's Legal Quality Acquisition instance with the type which defines its identity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a participant description with one or more participations (and therefore indirectly participants) mentioned in the description
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the address, building or other construction that represents the socially acknowledged location of an actor
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the plan or design that is held by a person or shared by the group
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the geographical location which represents, in a generic way, the socially acknowledged location of an actor
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a type to an instance of the a Social Role class in order to specify its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a type that provides a specific identity to the given instance of the sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor class.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the persistent item that is provided with a legal quality in the context of specific social representations, i.e. that receives a new legal connotation valid for the society or portion of it sharing the concerned representations.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the legal connotation with a group that represents the context in which the legal quality is realized by or associated to the persisten item.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a legal quality to the custom or law defining it. This association provides the context of validity of the quality (as type) and can associate more then one law for complex qualities. The moment of the creation of the legal quality can be captured using the sdh-so:C16 Legal Conceptual Object Creation class. The temporal existence of the quality, as expressed by this property, is related to the whole duration of the being in force of the traditions, customs or laws defining it. If the duration of validity of the quality is shorter than the whole duration of the considered custom(s) or law(s) then the sdh-so:C19 Legal Integration class should be used to express the fact that a quality stopped to be integrated in the law, and therefore was not any more in force.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an occupation with the domain of activity it belongs to, i.e. with the activity type that classifies the occupation.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the group or organisation within which the social role embodiment is carried out.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the event to which the actor is associated in the intentionality of observers.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the social quality qualifying an actor in the context of a spatio-temporal or intentional event.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the actor to which the quality is associated in intentionality
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the intentional event to which the actor is associated in the intentionality of observers.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property models the fact that the quality of an actor in relation to an event is exercices under the mandated of another actor
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the legal quality acquisition with a person or, more frequently, group that represents the context in relation to which the legal quality is realized by persisten item.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This class comprises the social quality or role of an actor while belonging to a group. It is possible to have more than one quality or role per membership. In the case of institutional functions with different time spans, the sdh-so:C13 Social Role Embodiment class should be preferred to capture the evolution in time of a person's functions in a group.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an entity with a preferred type which expresses its basic or original identity. Unlike the crm:P2 has type property the range maximal quantity is restricted to one. Additional types can be added using other typing properties or the classification class. Identifying typs, i.e. types that define the identity of the typed entites and cannot be changed during the whole entity existence should be expressend using the sdh:P67 has kind (is kind of) → sdh:C50 Kind construct.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates the participation with a type that provides its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of sdh-so:C39 Participation Relation and the type that provides a specific identity of that relation, an instance of sdh-so:C40 Participation Relation Type.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of sdh-so:C39 Participation Relation with the propositional object (an instance of sdh-so:C41 Role in Participation Relation) that describes the role of the participant within this relation. The Social Role itself is linked to that instance of sdh-so:C41 Role in Participation Relation
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a participation with the role of the participant in a specific participation relationship. A participation can have multiple roles, but a role is only linked to a specific participation.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links the participation role of a participant in an event, to the role itself, documented with a controlled vocabulary.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property attaches legal qualities to the political or administrative entity in the context of which they are defined and valid.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of C13 Social Role Embodiement with the instance of C25 Political or Administrative Entity in which the social role is carried in.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of C25 Political or Administrative Entity with the type that classifies it.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links the Actor's Role in a Social Relationship to the role itself, documented with a controlled vocabulary.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an actor to the role it has within a social relationship.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an Actor's Role in a Social Relation with the specific social relationship it has as context.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the thing passively present in the event. Only one thing can be added per class instance.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the event to which the presence is related.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates the presence with a type that provides its identity, i.e. the kind of presence and things role in the event
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an economic transaction with a type that indentifies its ontological substance.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the legal agreement with the custom or law to which it refers or which constitutes the legal context of the agreement.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a legal agreement to the type that classifies it.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property allows a conceptual E65 Creation to be linked to the E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property documents that an E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity. This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an E89 Propositional Object.