This class comprises characteristics, qualities or conditions of persistent items or temporal entities at a given moment or during a time-span. It is inspired by the concept of qualities in DOLCE, defined as individualized properties that inhere in particulars: a specific quality inheres in each class instance and ceases to exist at the end of the life of the instance it inheres to. The value of the quality or quale (DOLCE), e.g. the color of an object, is associated to the entity quality and is possibly time-indexed, i.e. valid at and limited to a given time-span. A characteristic or quality of an entity is conceptualised in the SDHSS ontology as a time-indexed observable phenomenon denoting the fact that the quality (DOLCE) of a given entity at a given time has a specific value or quale, and that this value is stable over the time span considered. Rather than modelling the quality as a distinct entity, as in DOLCE, the class dh:C1 Entity Quality is defined as a subclass of temporal entity and associates a specific quality value in a reference space, e.g. red, to an entity, e.g. a car. Thus, according to the present conceptualisation a quality, in this case the colour of the car, refers to a specific period of time and to a specific quality value, namely the observable phenomenon of the thing having this quality and value, and not to a quality in general, e.g. colour, which is conceptualised as a quality type. The kind of quality observed (color, weight, etc.) is specified by a suitable quality type or creating subclasses with specific properties. No generic property is defined to associate any crm:E1 Entity with a quality. As a matter of fact not all subclasses of the sdh:C1 Entity Quality class concern the same types of entities and one cannot therefore extend an inheritance of a generic has quality property to all subclasses but they have to be considered distinctly. For instance, the crm:E3 Condition State class can be considered as representig a specialization of the sdh:C1 Entity Quality class and the crm:P44 has condition (is condition of) property opportunely associates a physical object with its physical condition or state. Thus, sdh:C1 Entity Quality is an abstract class and has no direct instances. A characteristic or quality is initiated, influenced and ended by events (crm:E5 Event class) and this is modelled by correspondent properties.
This class models the propositional content of a specific interpretation by a person or an intentional collective of physical or social events.
This class comprises time-indexed observational situations defined as sets of phenomena in time and physical space whose identity does not depend on intrinsic criteria but on the perspective of the external observer, who carves out the epistemic situation from a more complex or prolonged number of temporal phenomena. The coherence or identity of an observational situation is thus provided by a specific, research-driven choice of the observer and this class is therefore disjoint from the crm:E4 Period class whose coherence is considered to be intrinsically defined. The Observational Situation class includes situations in observable phenomena that are sliced up in terms of temporal duration, or of geographical extension or of the restriction to a particular aspect of more complex phenomena. For example, if we consider the economic activity of a country during a civil year, and measure different aspects of it, the life of this physical and social phenomenon does not stop to exist at the 31th of December of that year, nor it is limited to economy. An observational situation thus cuts out a portion of more complex phenomena for the sake of observation and research. It is somehow constructed by simplification and choice of specifc aspects of the temporal phenomena, retaining just a specific set of them. An observational situation can also concern the absence of a particular kind of phenomena during a particular period of time or in a particular place, such as the known non-presence of a person at an event. The observational situation is driven by an epistemic approach: it carves out a moment in time and space and captures the information of the absence of an awaited phenomenon. In this case the set of considered temporal phenomena is empty.
This class comprises qualities of the mind of a single person, or the minds of intentional collectives, and captures the presence in their mind of propositions about entities of any kind. It is comprehensive of all intentional phenomena, be they static, in the sense of states of mind, or dynamic, in the sense of changes of mind or opinions evolving in time, i.e. new propositions replacing the former ones about the same objects. It is an abstract, uninstantiated class, providing its subclasses and descendants with the fundamental intension and relevant properties. Intentionality is defined in philosophy as the power of minds to be directed at objects, i.e. entities, states of affairs, goals, or values (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). The intended entity is the object of the intention, its content is a proposition, or a fragment of it, or a complex set of propositions about this object. It is important to note that "intentionality" is not to be confused with "intention" as the purpose people have in mind when they act. The notion of intentionality applies primarily to the representations and individual or social connotations of things, not to the theory of human action. The sdh:C4 Intention class, as a descendant of the crm:E2 Temporal Entity class, models the fact that propositions about objects, and the objects they concern, are present to human minds or intentional entities, be these taken individually or collectively, during a given time span. The intention therefore appears to be a time-related quality of a mind or minds be this realized in a more stable way, as in intentional states, or engaged in an evolutionary, dynamic process, e.g. discussing a topic or changing one's mind, which we define as an intentional event. Given that they are intimately linked, the intended object is associated to the crm:E89 Propositional Object representing the content of the intention using the crm:P129 is about property and therefore no direct property associating the intention with the object is declared at this foundational level. This allows to identify the intentional content or representations present in the mind of different intentional entities, at different times, independently of the actual quality of each mind. As a subclass of sdh:C1 Entity Quality, the Intention class inherits the properties expressing the influence of a crm:E5 Event on the quality. E. g. a physical event like a volcanic eruption can generate mental endorsement of the proposition that assesses the seriousness of the situation and invites to flee.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the crm:E23 Physical Human-Made Thing class.
This class comprises positions or regions in an abstract, conceptual space defined by a conventionally defined reference system, such as for measuring time, space, colors, ranges of values, etc. As such, the classes crm:E52 Time-span, crm:E53 Place, crm:E54 Dimension are all abstract regions in the sense of indicating a region or position in a reference system (a date in a calendar, geocoordinates, a value in a measuring system).This view is consistent with the top-level category 'Abstract' and the notion of 'Region' introduced by the foundational ontology DOLCE (Gangemi 2002).
This class comprises concepts used to connotate, i.e. characterize and classify entities, that are defined in and relative to specific social representations. These concepts are conceptualized in specific human groups and considered as valid in their connotation, i.e. characterization or classification of entities, in the physical, intellectual, social and spatio-temporal world. This is an abstract class and should not be used in data production.
This class comprises opinions, beliefs, certainties, doubts etc. of a person or collective of persons about representations concerning one or more objects. The representations, present in the minds in the form of propositional objects, are considered as being stable during a given time-span. Intentional states are modelled as a time-indexed quality inherent to a person, or persons belonging to an intentional collective, having as content a propositional object defining the content of the state of mind about an object. The concerned object of the intentional state can be associated to the propositional content using the crm:P129 is about (is subject of) property, while the type or mode of intentional state, e.g. belief, hope, fear, etc. can be expressed with the sdh:P44 has intentional type (is intentional type of) property. Individual or collective states of mind are an expression of intentionality, defined in philosophy as "the power of minds and mental states to be about, to represent, or to stand for things, properties and states of affairs. To say of an individual’s mental states that they have intentionality is to say that they are mental representations or that they have contents" (Jacob, Pierre, "Intentionality", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta).
This class comprises representations that consider a thing as being part or belonging to another one. Unlike the sdh:C22 Composition class, which considers physical compositions, this class models intentional compositional relationships as conceived in individual or collective minds. Although it can concern different kinds of entities, the intentional composition is often used in relation to the sdh:C40 Intentional Collection class. However, no explicit association to this class because there can be several situations of intentional composition that do not concern collections, e.g. a verse being part of a poem or song, etc.
Observable physical entities capable of having representations about objects. Depending on the interests of different disciplines, these can be people, animals or even artefacts, such as robots.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the 'crm:E74 Group'.
This classes comprises changes of mind of persons or human collectives, or other dynamic phenomena taking place in the mind, such as reading or having a conversation, which are likely to bring about a change in intention. Intentional events, insofar as they happen in the minds of one or more persons, do not directly have a projection in geographical space. But as they are always related to sets of human actions (one or more) that provide the setting for the given intentional events (sdh:P43 is setting for) they share with these physical events the geographical location. E.g. the reading of a book as a mental operation, or a conversation with one or more persons has the correspondent physical events (having the book in the hand, sitting in a coffee house) as its setting.
This class refers to the fact that an entity (actor, group, concept, etc.) is identified in the context of a human society or social collective, during a given time span, using a specific appellation. This identifying appellation is generally related to the main language used be the society or collective, or at least considered as understandable or valid in that context (e.g. a Latin or English appellation in a French speaking context). As a subclass of sdh:C7 Intentional State, this class does not refer to an activity of collectively naming a thing (cf. the frbroo:F52 Name Use Activity class) but to the possibility of identifying with that appellation within the given social context or collective. The crm:P1 is identified property is a shortcut of the present class as it directly connects (i.e. independently from time and context) a crm:E1 Entity to its crmE41 Appellation.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the C11 Appellation in a Language class.
A measure of length. A lenght is a specialisation of E54 Dimension providing a measure of distance, height, etc.
This class comprises parts of the Earth's surface that can be represented by photographs, paintings or maps, and that have some coherent characteristics related to their natural features (e.g., a mountain) or to the human activities that have shaped them (e.g., a harbour). These features make them identifiable and unique. The relevant portion of the surface of the Earth can be covered by buildings, water (river, sea, ...) which are part of the identifying features. The more specific identity of instances of this class is provided by a controlled vocabulary of geographical place types.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the 'C14 Geographical Place'.
This class comprises locations of instances of the crm:E18 Physical Thing class and subclasses on or inside other physical things (usually geographical places, buildings, features or human made objects), intended as their situation during a given time span as it is known in a given social context as being essentially true even if some absences are possible. This means that the provided location is generally observable during the intended time-span even if at some point in time the entity is to be found in another location, e.g. a person going for a walk in the countryside, or an antique vase being loaned to another museum for an exhibition. If one needs to express these localisations of shorter duration, other instances of this same class will be created. Should the intended relative location be strictly physical, and not epistemic or social, the sdh:C41 Relative Location of a Physical Thing class should be used. To capture an official domicile, legal seat of an actor, etc. the sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor class must be used.
This class groups the concepts (expressed as types) that provide the identity of the Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing, e.g. residence, visit, etc., i.e. the intended reason of the location.
This class comprises instances of man-made things such as freestanding buildings, components of buildings, and complexes of buildings, but also all man-made parts of infrastructure (roads, lamp post, dams, etc.)
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the class sdh:C17 Construction.
This class comprises all the crm:E5 Events in which an instance of crm:E18 Physical Thing participates during its life. This class therefore models the phenomenon of the existence of an object or, more precisely, the collection of events that make up the existence and life of a physical thing, be this a person, a physical object, etc. Conceptual and social objects are not in the scope of this class. The life of a physical thing is started and ended by events. If these two ends are not known, the time-span of this class will provide the period of life known with certainty as well as the possible outer bounds, in addition to the life span duration if known. In this sense it corresponds to the notion of floruit commonly used in historical research and generally related to persons.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the C1 Entity Quality class.
This class comprises the abilities of a person, based on practical knowledge or know-how, and trained through practice, to do something well. Know-how can be about creating immaterial things, producing physical objects, acting or communicating. The skill is a personal quality, the know-how a shared representation of actions or processes.
This class comprises compositions of instances of crm:E18 Physical Thing out of their component elements and is therefore equivalent to the crm:P46 is composed of property but adds a time-indexed dimension to the composition relation, expressing the presence of parts only during a portion of the lifespan of a physical thing. The crm:P46 property is therefore a shortcut of this class and assumes implicitly that a part is present during the whole life of a physical thing. Parthood : https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parthood ; https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/ This class can be specifically useful for dealing with the belonging of objects to a crm:E78 Collection (the composed, main physical thing) during a particular time-span. This class is modeled as a subclass of sdh;C1 Entity Quality and therefore instances of the crm:E5 Event class can initiate —crm:P8 effects quality (result from)— or end —crm:P9 ends (is ended by)— a different composition of a physical thing. In the case of instances of crm:E24 Physical Man-Made Thing, instances of crm:E79 Part Addition and crm:E80 Part Removal can be produced. Component elements, since they are themselves instances of crm:E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition, related to time.
This class models the fact that actors or intentional collectives employ something or someone for a purpose for a period of time that is more or less long. The use is modelled as an epistemic situation and therefore involves many actions and activities as well as possible interruptions, but remains active or at least virtually possible during the specified period.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh:C23 Use class.
Persons who share the same representations, i.e. the same views or conceptualizations of things in the world, or the same know-how and practical attitudes, and collective emotions, or the same language, without acting collectively and therefore without being an identifiable crm:E74 Group but being generally aware of sharing these conceptualizations or views with other people and thus having, at least to a certain extent, a common social identity based on social representations and collective intentionality. The fact of sharing representations, and knowing to share them with other people, is what constitutes in the most general sense a human intentional collective or social context, besides relations of social power based on acceptance of collective rules, or plans to act together. Individuality is realised in the context of this substrate, i.e. the sharing and adopting, and contributing to the development of social representations. The present class is modelled without taking a stand in the ongoing debate about the nature of collective intentionality: is it simply the sum of individual intentions or does it express something more substantial in the sense of an intentional collective ? The class is open to both interpretations and one can choose to use or not the sdh:C25 Intentional Collective class for expressing collective intentionality, or provide specific types to the sdh:C26 Representations, e.g. 'social representations' for modelling views and conceptualizations shared by groups and societies. In the perspective of social psychology and social sciences, individual intentionality cannot exist outside a socialisation that shapes the language and categories of thought of humans. Individuality is realised in the context of this substrate, i.e. the sharing and adopting, or contributing to the development of social representations. Beyond its irreducible individuality, a person embodies, and specialises, an intentional collective which he or she helps to achieve and contributes to evolve. This constant interaction between persons and intentional collectives appears to be one of the foundations of social life.
Social representations are defined in the social sciences as systems of values, beliefs, knowledge, etc. that serve to establish social order, guide people in their actions, enable them to communicate with each other, and structure groups and communities. They are modelled in this context as a collection of propositional objects, types and information objects that represent the content of the social representations of a given human group.
This class expresses the fact that a physical thing is kept by an actor in a collection during a given time span. Although the given thing is generally kept physically in the collection, as a part of it, this class focuses on the social fact, i.e. the fact that the given thing is considered as kept in the collection. The thing may have been lent to another museum and therefore not be physically present but still be considered as belonging to the collection. An appropriate type will clarify the meaning of the keeping. The archive reference concerning the specific physical thing at a given time, including the name of the collection and the identifier of the object held in it, can be used as the appellation of an instance of the Belonging to a collection class. The validity of the identifier in the context of the given belonging to a collection can be explicitly expressed using the crm-sup:C23 Identification class. The kept thing and the collection are identity defining and must be provided in order to identify the Belonging. The actor in charge of the keeping is optional and can be associated to the collection using the crm:E87 Curation Activity class. Another actor could have rights, e.g. property, upon to the kept Physical Thing and this will be expressed using the sdh-so:C14 - Subjection to a Right or Obligation class. The concerned collection can be defined at different levels. The highest one is the whole collection of a library or museum. As a matter of fact, it is relevant to distinguish the museum as an organisation (the actor) from its collection as the whole of the objects in its custody. The concerned physical thing can be declared as being kept inside the general collection, or in a more specific subcollection. Each subcollection, or subcollection of subcollection (as a subclass of physical thing), can be declared as belonging to a parent collection. This allows to establish a hierarchy of the different collections and series held e.g. in an archive.
This class models the quantifiable information about a quality of an entity.
This class comprises know-how as practical knowledge, i.e. ​knowledge of how to do something. Experience in doing it is modelled with the hist:C21 Skill as a quality of a person being trained through practice to realize the know-how.
This class models the integration of an entity into the individual representations of a person, or the social representations of a human collective, with a context specific connotation, classification, social quality or characterization, during a given time-span. A person or intentional collective considers that the adopted connotation, i.e. intentional quality or type, applies to the concerned entity. The integrated entity can be an actor, a physical or conceptual object, a text, an event, etc. E.g. a celebrated battle is integrated as the founding event of a country's independence into the representations of its indigenous inhabitants, or a portion of them. The personal or collective view, classification or interpretation of the entity, i.e. its individual or social connotation conceived as a (shared) qualification of it, becomes part of the representations it is integrated into. The propositional explanation, when explicit expressed, is associated to the connotation with the inherited sdh:P34 has content property while the sdh:P40 has context (is context of) property situates the concerned connotation within the wider context of the (social) representations it belongs to. As for the connotated object, it is associated to the connotation with the sdh:P39 is connotation of property and the connotating quality with the sdh:P21 is qualified by property.
This class comprises concepts belonging to social representations used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh:C2 Propositional Situation class. These concepts are defined by the communities sharing the said social representations. An intentional situation type is defined in the context of a specific human collective sharing the social representations that gave origin to the specific social situation and associated type. A social situation type can be nevertheless integrated into other social representations, as any other existing entity, and this is modelled with the sdh:C30 Connotation class.
This class models individual concepts that are not used to classify or characterize other entities, like instances of crm:E55 Type, but are defined by propositional objects (descriptions in the sense of the Descriptions and Situations ontology) and exist in individual or collective states of mind, or in texts and other information objects. These individuals do not exist in physical reality but just in the intentionality of a person or an intentional collective. For example a character in a novel, such as Jean Valjean in Les Misérables by Victor Hugo, or your bank account, are abstract individuals. Abstract individuals are created as any other conceptual object by actors in events of type crm:E65 Creation. They are integrated into social representations through sdh-so:C30 Social Connotation, i.e. adoption and integration of these individuals by a collective of humans into their own understanding of reality or into their fictional world.
This class comprises concepts expressing different intentional states or psychological modes about the same propositional content, i.e. representations. For instance hope, belief, fear, scientific certainty, etc. about the same intentional content, e.g. "the election of this person to the position of president". In the given context, the concerned person can be seen as the object of the intention, the election to a position as the content and the hope as the mode or type of the intentional state.
This class groups the concepts (expressed as types) that give the reason for the location of an object in relation to a geographical place at a given time (trading trip of a merchant, territorial belonging of a province, etc.).The reason for the location should not be confused with its type (inclusion, presence in, proximity, etc.)
A project consisting of a sequence of operations or action to carry out in order to achieve a goal.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the crm:E21 Person. This class should not be used to express activities, social roles or institutional functions of persons (for these there are specific classes), but only to provide a generally acceptable classification of sets of persons in the perspective of a research question.
This class models the fact that a person or a group, i. e. a collective of persons, has or shares a plan. In a group, the plan enables it to act collectively, and therefore one or more plans can be considered essential to the existence of a "unifying relationship" in a group (cf. the definition of crm:E74 Group).
The appellation of a person in its differents forms, e.g. forename, family name, nickname, etc. These are distinguished using specific Person Appellation Types.
The type of a person's appellation, e.g. a forename, nickname, etc.
A collection of entities as conceived or imagined as existing by a person, a group or an intentional collective.The belonging to a collection results from a classification of the concerned objects by a concept. "The concept(s) that classify all the members of a collection are said to cover a collection" (Gangemi Aldo, « Norms and plans as unification criteria for social collectives. », Auton. Agents Multi Agent Syst. 17 (1), 2008, pp. 70‑112, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-008-9038-9. ) The membership of an object to an intentional collection (an abstract individual) which results from the classification can be expressed using the sdh:C8 Intentional Composition class or its subclasses.
This class captures the relative location of a physical thing as a quality of it in relation to another physical thing providing the spatial reference. Instances of this class can concern features of physical objects, and their position in relation to other parts of the object. It can be used to capture positions of physical objects with respect to a geographical place, providing a direction and distance, when the position of the object is known only approximately. Should the intended relative location be social or epistemic, and not strictly physical, the sdh:C15 Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing class should be used. To capture an official domicile, legal seat of an actor, etc. the sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor class must be used. A dedicated vocabulary of types will allow to distinguish the different types of physical relative locations (e.g. above, inclusion, adjacency, outside of, presence in, etc.). In addition, a specific property allows to add the reason(s) for the localisation. This or these reason(s) are to be considered as valid for the whole period of localisation. For more complex situations, several instances of this same class or of other classes will be used.
The form of the outer edges or surfaces of a physical object. The shape is intended as a quality inherent to the object that can change in time, e.g. the boundaries of a territory or parcel, or the shape of my mug after I broke the handle.
Instances of this class are concepts that provide the identity of the relative location, e.g. inclusion, presence in, proximity, etc.. Beware not to confuse the type of a location with its reasons, e.g. territorial belonging of a province, etc. Furthermore, should the intended relative location be social or epistemic, and not strictly phisical, the sdh:C15 Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing class should be used. To capture an official domicile, legal seat of an actor, etc. the sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor class must be used.
This class comprises qualities of physical things
This class includes displacements of physical objects, be they caused by natural events or human activities, from one physical place to another. Displacements are processes that can be broken down into several steps and these can be linked to the main instance using the P9 consists of (forms part of) property. The focus is here on the physical object and the fact that it's displaced from one place intended as a physical entity to another (a geographical place, a hole in a mountain, a building). If the displacement is the result of human activity, the class crm:E9 Move must be used.
This class comprises expressions of intentionality through speech acts, writings, actions or activities. Representations about objects (the substance of intention) are expressed by intentional entities to other intentional entities in order to communicate their interpretations of reality, express wishes, give orders, bringing social objects into existence, etc.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh:C46 Intentional Expression class, e.g. give a speech, impose a sentence, write a text, etc.
Instances of this class associate a geographical location with a type which is supposed to express some characteristic of the place describing it as objectively as possible at a given time or during a given time-span. The classification can change over time and multiple classifications of the same place, if objective enough to be generally acceptable, are possible at the same time if they are related to the same identity of a place. E.g. a village can become a large town, then decay and become a phantom city in later times, but still remain a built area.
This class comprises portions or bunches of one or more materials, like a sea, a pile of wood, the flour I just bought and is in this bag, and the milk in this bottle, whose form is provided by the container or is not stable enough to provide persistent unity to the entity, but suffices to provide some kind of identity and is the object of discourse "in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span." (crm:E18 Physical Thing, v. 7.1.2). This class, gathering identifiable amounts of solid, liquid or gazeiform matter, is thus defined as a specialization of the crm:E18 Physical Thing class and inherits all its properties. It allows to capture the information available about ephemeral but identifiable amounts of matter.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to identify more precisely an instance of a class without needing to create sub-classes of that class. Instances of a class can only be linked to a unique instance of C50 Kind and this relation is rigid, i.e. it lasts during the whole existence of an instance and cannot be changed. Instances of C50 Kind, while in essence similar to instances of E55 Type, have a different function of further specifying the intension of an instance of a class, whereas instances of E55 Type can be used to epistemically classify instances of a class. Instances of C50 Kind represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of classes.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to identify more precisely an instance of the class C8 Geographical Place without needing to create sub-classes of that class. Instances of C8 Geographical Place can only be linked to a unique instance of C51 Geographical Place Kind. Therefore, instances of C51 Geographical Place Kind, while in essence similar to instances of E55 Geographical Place Type, have a different function of further specifying the intension of an instance of C8 Geographical Place, whereas instances of E55 Type can be used to epistemically classify instances of C8 Geographical Place. Instances of C51 Geographical Place Kind represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of classes.
This class comprises arbitrary aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that share a physical connection, either if they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality, such as a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps, or a set of chessmen. This is following the logic written in the scope note of the class E78 Collection and E19 Physical Object and explains why the class C52 Physical Set is a sub-class of E19 Physical Object.
This class comprises types of techniques or methods used to realise a product of human activity. To describe a specific method an instance of sdh-int:C4 Procedure should be produced.
This class comprises collections of instances of crm:E18 Physical Thing as conceived or imagined as existing by a person, a group or an intentional collective.
Intentional Collection of Physical Things
This class describes the classification of instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing within a specific context, a specific time-span, and for specific individuals or recoupment of individuals. The classification term is described by instances of C4 Physical Human-Made Thing Type.
Physical Human-Made Thing Classification
This class comprises the concepts (expressed as types) that provide the identity of an Epistemic Location, e.g. the economy of a country, or the weather in a given region, etc.
This class comprises quantifiable qualities of spatio-temporal phenomena, such as the number of participants in an event. If the number of participants changes significantly, another instance of this class is created with a different time span.
Quantifiable Quality of a Spatio-Temporal Phenomenon
This class comprises spatio-temporal phenomena that are essentially stable over their duration and have intinsic identity criteria. They generally involve more then one physical objects. It corresponds to the DOLCE Stative Perdurants class but is restricted to phenomena situated in the physical space, excluding explicitely static phenomena in the social space that are comprised in the sdh:C7 Intentional State class and phenomena covered by the sdh:C1 Entity Quality class that comprise qualities inherent to individual objects.
This class comprises quantifiable qualities of epistemic situations, such the value of the gross domestic product of a country during a year or the mean temperature at a place during an epistemic time-span.
Quantifiable Quality of an Epistemic Situation
This class associates a persistent item with an epistemic situation in which it is physically or intentionally present. The type of involvement will be descriped using a vocabulary comprised in the Involvement Type class. The involved thing could be additionnally qualified by associating a social quality that characterises the associated thing in the context of the event.
Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation
This class includes terms that express the type of involvement of a thing in an epistemic situation, i.e. the role that the thing plays in the situation.
Type of Involvement of a Thing in an Epistemic Situation
This class describes telecommunication connection between two devices (instances of crm:E24 Physical Human-Made Thing). As a spatio-temporal phenomenon, it can both be situated in time (the moment the link is in service) and in space (the location of any device used to transmit information, such as cables). This class is based on the net:Link class of the ToCo Ontology.
This class comprises terms that describe the type of link between two entities.
This class describes the quality state of an instance of E5:Event (or its subclasses) of being classified by an instance of sdh:C65 Event Classification Type
This class comprises the type of classification of events.
This class comprises propositional objects expressed in a structured way that state that a thing was involved in an activity with a specific function or purpose, adding if needed other circumstances. It expresses in a more rich way the same intensional content of the crm:P16 used specific object property and this property can be seen as a shortcut of the full path comprehending the class. The involvement of the thing regards the whole activity, with no temporal restrictions, given the propositional substance of this class.
This class comprises real animals who live or are assumed to have lived. Although they may be considered to be animals from a biological point of view, human beings are not comprises in this class. C67 Animal is disjointed from crm:E21 Person.
This class is a specialisation of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of species. This concept can be used in an empirical approach to associate an instance of a biological object with a biological type (e.g. Pigeon) or in a scientific typology approach (e.g. Rock dove, Columba livia). In the latter case, it is recommended to use internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology.
This class comprises real plants who live or are assumed to have lived.
This class comprises the quality state of an instance of crm:E74 Group of being classified with a type that is supposed to express some characteristic of the group that describes it as objectively as possible at a given time or during a given time-span. The classification can change over time and multiple classifications of the same group, if objective enough to be generally acceptable, are possible at the same time if they are related to the same identity of a group.
This class comprises quantifiable qualities of intentional events, such the amount of money that was allocated for a given operation. This quality is therefore a part of the content of the intention involved in the event.
Quantifiable Quality of an Intentional Event
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh:Quantifiable Quality of an Intentional Event class.
Quantifiable Quality of an Intentional Event Type
This class comprises phenomena in time and physical space regarding a crm:E74 Group that do not necessarily share an intrinsic coherence but are regarded as belonging to a set characterizing it.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the C59 Quantifiable Quality of an Epistemic Situation.
Type of Quantifiable Quality of an Epistemic Situation
This class comprises the quality state of an instance of crm:E21 Person of being classified with a type that is supposed to express some characteristic of the person that describes it as objectively as possible at a given time or during a given time-span. The classification can change over time and multiple classifications of the same person, if objective enough to be generally acceptable, are possible at the same time if they are related to the same identity of a person. This class should not be used to express activities, social roles or institutional functions of persons (for these there are specific classes), but only to provide a generally acceptable classification of sets of persons in the perspective of a research question.
This class comprises phenomena in time and space regarding a physical thing that do not necessarily share an intrinsic coherence but are regarded as belonging to a set characterizing it.
This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties With the exception of E59 Primitive Value, all other classes within the CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice. In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span. An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object or feature during a specific E52 Time Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain condition can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held.The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the E3 Condition State “condition of the SS Great Britain between 22 September 1846 and 27 August 1847” can be characterized as E55 Type “wrecked”.
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the "ground" or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods. Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the "Neolithic Period", the "Ming Dynasty" or the "McCarthy Era", but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor. As the actual extent of an E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as islands or colonies. Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units. Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a whole. However it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area. We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomena while a space-time volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. There are two different conceptualisations of 'artistic style', defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type. Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems, regardless of scale, brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural, technological or legal phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77 Persistent Item or its subclasses. The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the scale of observation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an ‘instantaneous’ change of state. At a fine level, the E5 Event can be analysed into its component phenomena within a space and time frame, and as such can be seen as an E4 Period. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy change of state.
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object. Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural. Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter. An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a number of individually contiguous spacetime volumes equal to the number of unconnected objects that constitute the set. We model E18 Physical Thing to be a subclass of E72 Legal Object and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E18 Physical Thing without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E18 Physical Thing is matter while a spacetime volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded to be unique to it, due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.
This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy). In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects. The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.
This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived or are natural products of or from living organisms. Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Man-Made Object.
This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.
This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers. Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc. They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.
This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible. The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.
This class comprises signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class or category within a certain context. Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but instead by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of E41 Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes. Specific subclasses of E41 Appellation should be used when instances of E41 Appellation of a characteristic form are used for particular objects. Instances of E49 Time Appellation, for example, which take the form of instances of E50 Date, can be easily recognised. E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment
This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc. An instance of E54 Dimension represents the true quantity, independent from its numerical approximation, e.g. in inches or in cm. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of an instance of E54 Dimension. If the true values belong to a non-discrete space, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that interoperability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions. Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension as appropriate.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CRM classes. E55 Type is the CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term). Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g.: “instances of Mandarin Chinese”. It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639:1988.
This class comprises events that bring into existence any E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus post quem and ante quem.
This class comprises events that end the existence of any E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus postquem and antequem. In cases where substance from a Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented by E81 Transformation.
This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living beings). Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same E67 Birth event. The introduction of the E67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood with the intervention of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth event.
This class comprises the deaths of human beings.If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented using E64 End of Existence.
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
This class comprises discrete, identifiable man-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or man-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.
This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is true for all E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of the E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CRM.
This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of E39 Actors that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the Group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e., a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group. A gathering of people becomes an E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modeled as membership in an E74 Group (cf. HumanML markup). Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.
This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names. The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topics of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units. It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string. In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note allows for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. "bit", "Latin character", RGB pixel).
This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime regardless its true geometric form. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its projection on time.
This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that result from intersection of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E52 Time-Span. The identity of an instance of this class is determined by the identities of the constituing spacetime volume and the time-span. This class can be used to define temporal snapshots at a particular time-span, such as the extent of the Roman Empire at 33 B.C., or the extent occupied by a museum object at rest in an exhibit. In particular, it can be used to define the spatial projection of a spacetime volume during a particular time-span, such as the maximal spatial extent of a flood at some particular hour, or all areas covered by the Poland within the 20th century AD.
This property describes the naming or identification of any real world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property expresses the generic notion of participation of a persistent item in a temporal entity, the fact that the persistent item takes part in the temporal entity or is affected by it. In an abstract perspective a temporal entity (be this a phenomenon in the geographical, social or intellectual space) is something happening in time and involving one or more persistent items. This high level property has no direct instances but is useful to subsume all subproperties and descendant properties that play the same role in specific temporal entities. In some cases, other temporal entities can also be associated (in the range position) using this property, e.g. events in the case of a participation. As a best practice, for the sake of unambiguity, the concerned or main temporal entity is always the domain and the participating is the range of this property (e.g. the participation of a person in an event is the domain and the event itself is the range).
This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously requires consistency between the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of the CRM entity in question.
This is an abstract property – do not use it in profiles ! As a high level meta-property the present property expresses the fact that the range class is an identity defining component of the domain class This means that the identity of the domain class instance depends on the associated range class instance and no alternative instances are allowed for this property against the general rule of CIDOC CRM. E.g. in the case of a Birth – E67 there can be no discussion about the person which is P98 brought into life by a specific instance of a birth. A specific instance of a birth is always related to just one person (or a limited range of persons in the case of twins, triplets, etc.). A discussion (and therefore production of alternative property instances) can take place concerning the P97 from father property or the birth place, but never about the P98 brought into life property. This is necessary to allow data consistency in an information system and avoid considering e.g. the same birth instance as the birth of five different people which makes discussion impossible about the mother, father or birth place of one specific person. This property has no direct instances but is used to specify the role of the instanciated subproperties as identifying properties for the domain temporal entity.
domain class has identity defining component
This property associates a sdh:C42 Intentional Event, happening in the mind of one or more persons, with the sdh:C27 Intentional Situation that has been effected or initiated by it. Different intentional events can contribute to the origin of the same instance of an intentional situation and one intentional event can produce several intentional situations.
This property associates a sdh:C42 Intentional Event, happening in the mind of one or more persons, with the sdh:C27 Intentional Situation that it directly oder indirectly ends. Different intentional events can contribute to the end of the same instance of an intentional situation and one intentional event can end several intentional situations.
This property indicates that the domain temporal phenomenon is a part of the range temporal phenomenon, e.g. a simple event (domain) can be a component of a complex one (range), like a process.The two phenomena need not share the same substance, i.e. they need not belong to the same class. For example, the holding of a plan by a group (quality) may be part of a larger event or activity (perdurant). However, the temporal extent of the domain phenomenon must be within the temporal extent of the range phenomenon, or at least partially overlap. This property does not imply a notion of causality but simply of composition, in the broader sense, and can be specialized if necessary by more precise properties.
This property specifies the geographical place where an instance of E4 Period happened.
This property associates an intention with the person or intentional collective that it characterises. As time-indexed qualities of the intentional entities, intentions are inseparable from them and therefore the intentional entities associated by the property are identity defining for the intentional quality: each instance of an intentional quality belongs to an intentional entity instance
This property associates an event to the quality that it effects or initiates. Different events can contribute to the origin of the same quality and one event can produce several qualities, in one or more entities.
This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an E19 Physical Object. P8 took place on or within (witnessed) is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156 occupies (is occupied by) to E18 Physical Thing. It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant.For example, the French and German armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11 November 1918.
This property associates an event to the quality that it directly oder indirectly ends. Different events can contribute to the end of the same quality and one event can end several qualities, in one or more entitites.
This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former.
This high level property is parent or ancestor of all properties that are not time-indexed, i.e. not determined by a variable representing time. These relationships exist as such, in a categorical way and independently from the time flow. All time-indexed properties should be expressed as a Temporal Entity – E2 using childs or descendants of the involves – histP1 property for associating Per instances participating in or related to the temporal entity.
This property associates the Appelation for language to the E1 CRM Entity that it identifies.
This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an E5 Event without implying any specific role. It connects the history of a thing with the E53 Place and E50 Date of an event. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum on which a treaty was signed. The presence of an immaterial thing implies the presence of at least one of its carriers.
This property associates the language for which the appellation is a valid identifier of an entity for a given time span
This property associates the Appelation for language to the E41 Appelation that refers to it.
Associates an instance of sdh:C10 Appellation for language with the type which defines its identity
This property associates the C15 Epistemic location with the concerned C13 Geographical place.
This property is used to provide the value of the distance between the located object and the physical thing provided as a reference
This property identifies a crm:E18 Physical Thing localized at some place during the given time span of a C15 Epistemic Location.
This is an abstract property – do not use it in profiles ! As a high level meta-property the present property expresses the fact that the domain class is an identity defining component of the range class. This means that the identity of the range class instance depends on the associated domain class instance and no alternative instances are allowed for this property against the general rule of CIDOC CRM. This property is used to characterize subproperties of it. It should be replaced by a property of property associating the concerned property with the boolean value True/False.
This property associates a location with the type which defines its identity, i.e. the intended social or epistemic location
This property associates a geographical place with its kind, i.e. the general type that defines its identity. This kind is rigid i.e. it provides the identity of the place, and therefore cannot change during its whole life. E.g. a settlement cannot become a natural region without changing its identity. Generally used identified types are: natural area (field, wood, desert); built area (settlement, airport); territory (the geographical area controlled by a State, an administrative region); [general term for] road, square; bed of river, lake, sea; elevation (mountain, hill). More specific types, that can evolve during the life of the object, are associated to the geographical place using the sdh:C48 Geographical Place Classification class.
This property associates the type that connotates the concerned entity.
This property associates to an entity a quantifiable quality of it. A quality being inherent in an instance, the domain cardinality is accordingly defined as 1,1 ; not all entities having necessarily quantifiable qualities, and virtually multiple, ther range is defined as 0,n.
Associates a Quantifiable Entity Quality with the type which defines its identity.
This property associates the event that is situated at the beginning of the existence of a persistent item. The starting event can be a simple or complex one and the quantifier correspondingly restricted to one.
This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by a move event. A move must concern at least one object. The property implies the object's passive participation. For example, Monet's painting "Impression sunrise" was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.
This property associates the event which is generally considered as the event endig the existence of a persistent item.
This property associates the physical thing to its life as the collection of events in the physical world it is involved in during its existence.
This property associates the main physical entity concerned by the composition, i. e. the one that has one or more parts.
This property associates the part of a physical thing that composes it during a given time-span
This property associates a Use with the type which defines its identity.
Associates the intentional entity using the persistent item. The intended use of an entity is specific to an intentional entity, and this is identity-defining for this entity, which means that the maximum cardinality of this property is one. If the intentional entity is omitted it has to be derived by the context but, if possible, it would be preferable to explicitly add it.
This property associates a propositional object defining the purpose of the use
This property associates the persistent item that is the object of the used. As an identifying property, the maximum cardinality is one, the use concerning just one object.
This property associates a situation to one ore more related events that are interpreted by the situation.
This property associates an intention with the propositional objet which represents its content and associates the intention, following the path through the crm:P129 is about property, to the entity it is about. In order to highlight the identity of the instances of this class, and in particular to preserve their unity of time and object, this property is considered as identity defining for an instance of the sdh:C27 Intention class Intention and the maximal quantifier of its range (i.e. the propositional content of the intention) limited to one.
This property associates to a quantifiable quality the dimension of it.
A crm:E4 Period is a set "of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space". This property associates to an intentional collective, i.e. a cluster of persons who share the same intentionality, skills or practices, all the events and social/cultural phenomena in which they participated or participate today.
This property associates to the personal skill the know-how it concerns, i.e. it is about and more or less efficiently realizes.
This property associates the person with the skill he/she has. A skill being modelled as a quality of a person, it must be retated to one and just one person.
This property associates to the connotation the entity that is integrated into the concerned representations, i.e. that receives a new connotation and becomes part of them, and in this way acquires a specific intentional quality. This property is a shortcut to the longer path : sdh:C30 Connotation -> sdh:P34 has content -> crm:E89 Propositional Object -> crm:P129 is about -> crm:E1 CRM Entity.
This property associates a particular intention, be this a state of mind or intentional event, to the representations of an individual intentional entity that are the context of the propositional content of the intention. Generally these representations are shared with the intentional collective or portion of society this individual lives in and is socialized into. The same intentional content can be related to different representational contexts. Therefore the n to n quantification of this property.
This property associates an instance of sdh:C2 Propositional Situation with the type which defines its identity.
Associates a crm:E55 Type instance to the representations that define it, or in the context of which it was defined. This property expresses an atemporal fact, i.e. the origin of the type. In orde to express the fact that a type is integrated during a given time-span into representations, the sdh:C8 Intentional Composition class shall be used.
Intentional events are changes in intentional qualities of the mind of one or more intentional entities. Insofar as the latter, as carriers of intentionality, are situated and live in a spatio-temporal context there is generally a projection of intentional events into spatio-temporal events (crm:E5 Event class). This property thus associates an intentional event occurring in the mind of one or more persons with the spatio-temporal phenomena in the context of which these take place.
This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing. It is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34 concerned (was assessed by), E14 Condition Assessment P35 has identified (was identified by) to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom. An instance of Condition State is specific to an instance of Physical Thing.
This property associates a state of mind with its intentional type or psychological attitude (belief, desire, etc.)
This property is a shortcut of longer paths involving phenomena in time and space (subclasses of crm:E5 Event) that are the setting of the intentional event and are themselves localized in geographical space. The geographical place associated to the intantional event corresponds to its maximal extention in space during its whole time-span. If different locations at different times of the same intentional event are part of the information, one should produce different crm:E5 Event (or subclasses) as settings of the same intentional event. They will provide the different geographical locations of the intentional event.
has maximal projection in geographical space
This property associates a physical location with the concept (as type) that explains the motive of the location
This property associates an intentional expression with a type that identifies its identity.
has intentional expression identifying type
This property associates the plan or design that is held by a person or shared by the group
This property associates an intentional entity with its quality of holding a plan for a given period of time. A plan can be held by just a single person or shared by several persons or even groups. The fact that a person shares a plan makes it belong to an intentional collective (e.g. the crowd that wanted to storm the Capitol to prevent the validation of the presidential election in January 2021), or to a group if the sharing is made more explicit or formalized. Alongside the definition of the principles defining the criteria of belonging to a group, allowing thus to identify the group's individual members, the fact of sharing one or more plans is constitutive of a group insofar as it provides the foundation of its collective action.
This property associates an entity with the intentional collection it belongs to, i.e. with the type or class that classfies this entity in the perspective of a person or intentional collective.
This property associates the sdh:C15 Epistemic Location with the sdh:C17 Construction that provides the location.
This property associates the entity that is considered as being part of another entity during a given time-span
This property associates the main entity concerned by the composition, i. e. the one that has one or more components.
This property associates the physical thingh kept in the collection
This property associates the collection in which the physical thing is kept
This property associates the sdh:C41 Relative Location with the crm:E18 Physical Thing that provides the location of the object.
Associates a relative location with the type which defines its identity, i.e. inclusion, proximity, presence in, etc.
This property associates the quality to the physical thing it is inherent to.
This property associates the physical thing (a geographical place, a hole, a building, etc.) inside or on which the displaced physical object was present before the displacement
This property associates the physical thing (a geographical place, a hole, a building, etc.) inside or on which the displaced physical object landed at the end of the displacement
This property associates the physical thing that is displaced. In general, the displacement concerns physical objects but tha adopted generic approach, associating the crm:E18 Physical Thing class, also enables to handle the displacement of instances of the crm:E26 Physical Feature class.
This property associates an entity with a preferred type which expresses its basic or original identity. Unlike the crm:P2 has type property the range maximal quantity is restricted to one. Additional types can be added using other typing properties or the classification class. Identifying typs, i.e. types that define the identity of the typed entites and cannot be changed during the whole entity existence should be expressend using the sdh:P67 has kind (is kind of) → sdh:C50 Kind construct.
This property associates the geographical place type that classifies the concerned place at a given time or time-spane
This property associates an instance of C99 Epistemic Phase of a Physical Thing with the instance of E18 Physical Thing it is related to.
This property associates an instance of sdh:C4 Physical Human-Made Thing Type with an instance of C52 Physical Set
This property associates a class with a controlled vocabulary used to identify more precisely its instances without needing to create further sub-classes.
This property associates the classification to the geographical place that it concerns.
This property expresses a contextual relationship between types, where the source one is defined or derives its meaning from the second. For example, a type of participation is defined and makes sense in relation to a type of event. Given the mechanism of inheritance, this property can apply to social roles in relation to different contexts, etc. For this reason, the cardinality is many to many, allowing different types to be used in different contexts.
This property expresses the fact that the entity or instance in the property domain is considered to refer the same resource in the world as the instance referred to in the property's range but they belong to two different, not owl:equivalent classes.
This property states that the entity in the domain position is possibly the same as the one in the range of the property, inside the same information system, and that they belong to the same class. This means these entities could potentially be duplicates but they are kept distinct because of this uncertainty. To document that two entities are the same and that they should be merged, it is necessary to use instead the property P13 should be merged with (should be preferred to).
This property associates an instance of C22 Physical Man-Made Thing with an instance of C55 Physical Human-Made Thing Classification that classifies it.
This property associates an instance of Physical Man-made Thing Type that classifies the concerned Physical Man-Made Thing with an instance of C55 Physical Human-Made Thing Classification.
This property associates an epistemic situation with the type which defines its identity
This property associates a quality with the period, as a spatio-temporal phenomenon, to which it is inherent.
This property associates a quality with the epistemic situation to which it is inherent.
This property associates the epistemic situation to which the involvment is related.
This property associates an involvement in an epistemic situation with the type which defines its identity
This property associates one and only one persistent item that is involved in an epistemic situation. Only one persistent item can be added per class instance.
This property describes the node that the link is transmitted from or to.
The property connects an instance of C62 Link with the class C63 Link Type that defines its type.
This class associates the connotation of an event classification with the Event it classifies.
This class associates the connotation of an event classification with the Type it has been classified with.
This property associates the involved object with the corresponding activity
This property associates the thing concerned by the involvement in an activity
This property associates a biological object to the species to which it belongs.
is of biological object classification type
This property associates the group type that classifies the concerned group at a given time or time-span.
This property associates the Group Classification with the Group concerned.
This property associates a quality with the intentional event to which it belongs.
This property associates a Quantifiable Quality of an Intentional Event with a type which expresses its essential classification.
has Quantifiable Quality of an Intentional Event type
This property associates the main persistent item to the Epistemic Situation in which it is involved. This association must be verified throughout the epistemic situation. If this is not the case, it is necessary to create an instance of the sdh:C60 Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation class. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from sdh:C3 Epistemic Situation sdh:P77 has involved things sdh:C60 Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation sdh:P79 is involvment of crm:E77 Persistent Item.
This property allows typing of instances of C59 Quantifiable Quality of an Epistemic Situation through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.
This property associates the main crm:E74 Group to the C73 Epistemic Situation of a Group in which it is involved. This association must be verified throughout the epistemic situation. If this is not the case, it is necessary to create an instance of the sdh:C60 Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation class. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from sdh:C73 Epistemic Situation of a Group sdh:P77 has involved things sdh:C60 Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation sdh:P79 is involvment of crm:E74 Group
This property associates the person type that classifies the concerned person at a given time or time-span.
This property associates the Person Classification with the Person concerned.
Associates an instance of sdh:C17 Construction with the instance of sdh:C18 Construction Type which defines its identity
This property links an E67Birth event to an E21 Person in the role of offspring. Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same Birth event. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.
This property property links an E69 Death event to the E21 Person that died. A Death event may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster.This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people.
This property relates an E93 Presence with the STV it is part of…
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the naming or identification of any real world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property expresses the generic notion of participation of a persistent item in a temporal entity, the fact that the persistent item takes part in the temporal entity or is affected by it. In an abstract perspective a temporal entity (be this a phenomenon in the geographical, social or intellectual space) is something happening in time and involving one or more persistent items. This high level property has no direct instances but is useful to subsume all subproperties and descendant properties that play the same role in specific temporal entities. In some cases, other temporal entities can also be associated (in the range position) using this property, e.g. events in the case of a participation. As a best practice, for the sake of unambiguity, the concerned or main temporal entity is always the domain and the participating is the range of this property (e.g. the participation of a person in an event is the domain and the event itself is the range).
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously requires consistency between the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of the CRM entity in question.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This is an abstract property – do not use it in profiles ! As a high level meta-property the present property expresses the fact that the range class is an identity defining component of the domain class This means that the identity of the domain class instance depends on the associated range class instance and no alternative instances are allowed for this property against the general rule of CIDOC CRM. E.g. in the case of a Birth – E67 there can be no discussion about the person which is P98 brought into life by a specific instance of a birth. A specific instance of a birth is always related to just one person (or a limited range of persons in the case of twins, triplets, etc.). A discussion (and therefore production of alternative property instances) can take place concerning the P97 from father property or the birth place, but never about the P98 brought into life property. This is necessary to allow data consistency in an information system and avoid considering e.g. the same birth instance as the birth of five different people which makes discussion impossible about the mother, father or birth place of one specific person. This property has no direct instances but is used to specify the role of the instanciated subproperties as identifying properties for the domain temporal entity.
is identity defining component of domain class
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a sdh:C42 Intentional Event, happening in the mind of one or more persons, with the sdh:C27 Intentional Situation that has been effected or initiated by it. Different intentional events can contribute to the origin of the same instance of an intentional situation and one intentional event can produce several intentional situations.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a sdh:C42 Intentional Event, happening in the mind of one or more persons, with the sdh:C27 Intentional Situation that it directly oder indirectly ends. Different intentional events can contribute to the end of the same instance of an intentional situation and one intentional event can end several intentional situations.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property indicates that the domain temporal phenomenon is a part of the range temporal phenomenon, e.g. a simple event (domain) can be a component of a complex one (range), like a process.The two phenomena need not share the same substance, i.e. they need not belong to the same class. For example, the holding of a plan by a group (quality) may be part of a larger event or activity (perdurant). However, the temporal extent of the domain phenomenon must be within the temporal extent of the range phenomenon, or at least partially overlap. This property does not imply a notion of causality but simply of composition, in the broader sense, and can be specialized if necessary by more precise properties.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property specifies the geographical place where an instance of E4 Period happened.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an intention with the person or intentional collective that it characterises. As time-indexed qualities of the intentional entities, intentions are inseparable from them and therefore the intentional entities associated by the property are identity defining for the intentional quality: each instance of an intentional quality belongs to an intentional entity instance
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an event to the quality that it effects or initiates. Different events can contribute to the origin of the same quality and one event can produce several qualities, in one or more entities.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an E19 Physical Object. P8 took place on or within (witnessed) is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156 occupies (is occupied by) to E18 Physical Thing. It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant.For example, the French and German armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11 November 1918.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an event to the quality that it directly oder indirectly ends. Different events can contribute to the end of the same quality and one event can end several qualities, in one or more entitites.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This high level property is parent or ancestor of all properties that are not time-indexed, i.e. not determined by a variable representing time. These relationships exist as such, in a categorical way and independently from the time flow. All time-indexed properties should be expressed as a Temporal Entity – E2 using childs or descendants of the involves – histP1 property for associating Per instances participating in or related to the temporal entity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the Appelation for language to the E1 CRM Entity that it identifies.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an E5 Event without implying any specific role. It connects the history of a thing with the E53 Place and E50 Date of an event. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum on which a treaty was signed. The presence of an immaterial thing implies the presence of at least one of its carriers.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the language for which the appellation is a valid identifier of an entity for a given time span
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the Appelation for language to the E41 Appelation that refers to it.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates an instance of sdh:C10 Appellation for language with the type which defines its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the C15 Epistemic location with the concerned C13 Geographical place.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property is used to provide the value of the distance between the located object and the physical thing provided as a reference
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies a crm:E18 Physical Thing localized at some place during the given time span of a C15 Epistemic Location.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This is an abstract property – do not use it in profiles ! As a high level meta-property the present property expresses the fact that the domain class is an identity defining component of the range class. This means that the identity of the range class instance depends on the associated domain class instance and no alternative instances are allowed for this property against the general rule of CIDOC CRM. This property is used to characterize subproperties of it. It should be replaced by a property of property associating the concerned property with the boolean value True/False.
range class has identity defining component
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a location with the type which defines its identity, i.e. the intended social or epistemic location
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a geographical place with its kind, i.e. the general type that defines its identity. This kind is rigid i.e. it provides the identity of the place, and therefore cannot change during its whole life. E.g. a settlement cannot become a natural region without changing its identity. Generally used identified types are: natural area (field, wood, desert); built area (settlement, airport); territory (the geographical area controlled by a State, an administrative region); [general term for] road, square; bed of river, lake, sea; elevation (mountain, hill). More specific types, that can evolve during the life of the object, are associated to the geographical place using the sdh:C48 Geographical Place Classification class.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the type that connotates the concerned entity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to an entity a quantifiable quality of it. A quality being inherent in an instance, the domain cardinality is accordingly defined as 1,1 ; not all entities having necessarily quantifiable qualities, and virtually multiple, ther range is defined as 0,n.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a Quantifiable Entity Quality with the type which defines its identity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the event that is situated at the beginning of the existence of a persistent item. The starting event can be a simple or complex one and the quantifier correspondingly restricted to one.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by a move event. A move must concern at least one object. The property implies the object's passive participation. For example, Monet's painting "Impression sunrise" was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the event which is generally considered as the event endig the existence of a persistent item.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the physical thing to its life as the collection of events in the physical world it is involved in during its existence.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the main physical entity concerned by the composition, i. e. the one that has one or more parts.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the part of a physical thing that composes it during a given time-span
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a Use with the type which defines its identity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates the intentional entity using the persistent item. The intended use of an entity is specific to an intentional entity, and this is identity-defining for this entity, which means that the maximum cardinality of this property is one. If the intentional entity is omitted it has to be derived by the context but, if possible, it would be preferable to explicitly add it.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a propositional object defining the purpose of the use
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the persistent item that is the object of the used. As an identifying property, the maximum cardinality is one, the use concerning just one object.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a situation to one ore more related events that are interpreted by the situation.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an intention with the propositional objet which represents its content and associates the intention, following the path through the crm:P129 is about property, to the entity it is about. In order to highlight the identity of the instances of this class, and in particular to preserve their unity of time and object, this property is considered as identity defining for an instance of the sdh:C27 Intention class Intention and the maximal quantifier of its range (i.e. the propositional content of the intention) limited to one.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to a quantifiable quality the dimension of it.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. A crm:E4 Period is a set "of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space". This property associates to an intentional collective, i.e. a cluster of persons who share the same intentionality, skills or practices, all the events and social/cultural phenomena in which they participated or participate today.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to the personal skill the know-how it concerns, i.e. it is about and more or less efficiently realizes.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the person with the skill he/she has. A skill being modelled as a quality of a person, it must be retated to one and just one person.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates to the connotation the entity that is integrated into the concerned representations, i.e. that receives a new connotation and becomes part of them, and in this way acquires a specific intentional quality. This property is a shortcut to the longer path : sdh:C30 Connotation -> sdh:P34 has content -> crm:E89 Propositional Object -> crm:P129 is about -> crm:E1 CRM Entity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a particular intention, be this a state of mind or intentional event, to the representations of an individual intentional entity that are the context of the propositional content of the intention. Generally these representations are shared with the intentional collective or portion of society this individual lives in and is socialized into. The same intentional content can be related to different representational contexts. Therefore the n to n quantification of this property.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of sdh:C2 Propositional Situation with the type which defines its identity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a crm:E55 Type instance to the representations that define it, or in the context of which it was defined. This property expresses an atemporal fact, i.e. the origin of the type. In orde to express the fact that a type is integrated during a given time-span into representations, the sdh:C8 Intentional Composition class shall be used.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Intentional events are changes in intentional qualities of the mind of one or more intentional entities. Insofar as the latter, as carriers of intentionality, are situated and live in a spatio-temporal context there is generally a projection of intentional events into spatio-temporal events (crm:E5 Event class). This property thus associates an intentional event occurring in the mind of one or more persons with the spatio-temporal phenomena in the context of which these take place.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing. It is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34 concerned (was assessed by), E14 Condition Assessment P35 has identified (was identified by) to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom. An instance of Condition State is specific to an instance of Physical Thing.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a state of mind with its intentional type or psychological attitude (belief, desire, etc.)
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property is a shortcut of longer paths involving phenomena in time and space (subclasses of crm:E5 Event) that are the setting of the intentional event and are themselves localized in geographical space. The geographical place associated to the intantional event corresponds to its maximal extention in space during its whole time-span. If different locations at different times of the same intentional event are part of the information, one should produce different crm:E5 Event (or subclasses) as settings of the same intentional event. They will provide the different geographical locations of the intentional event.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a physical location with the concept (as type) that explains the motive of the location
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an intentional expression with a type that identifies its identity.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the plan or design that is held by a person or shared by the group
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an intentional entity with its quality of holding a plan for a given period of time. A plan can be held by just a single person or shared by several persons or even groups. The fact that a person shares a plan makes it belong to an intentional collective (e.g. the crowd that wanted to storm the Capitol to prevent the validation of the presidential election in January 2021), or to a group if the sharing is made more explicit or formalized. Alongside the definition of the principles defining the criteria of belonging to a group, allowing thus to identify the group's individual members, the fact of sharing one or more plans is constitutive of a group insofar as it provides the foundation of its collective action.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an entity with the intentional collection it belongs to, i.e. with the type or class that classfies this entity in the perspective of a person or intentional collective.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the sdh:C15 Epistemic Location with the sdh:C17 Construction that provides the location.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the entity that is considered as being part of another entity during a given time-span
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the main entity concerned by the composition, i. e. the one that has one or more components.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the physical thingh kept in the collection
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the collection in which the physical thing is kept
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the sdh:C41 Relative Location with the crm:E18 Physical Thing that provides the location of the object.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates a relative location with the type which defines its identity, i.e. inclusion, proximity, presence in, etc.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the quality to the physical thing it is inherent to.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the physical thing (a geographical place, a hole, a building, etc.) inside or on which the displaced physical object was present before the displacement
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the physical thing (a geographical place, a hole, a building, etc.) inside or on which the displaced physical object landed at the end of the displacement
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the physical thing that is displaced. In general, the displacement concerns physical objects but tha adopted generic approach, associating the crm:E18 Physical Thing class, also enables to handle the displacement of instances of the crm:E26 Physical Feature class.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an entity with a preferred type which expresses its basic or original identity. Unlike the crm:P2 has type property the range maximal quantity is restricted to one. Additional types can be added using other typing properties or the classification class. Identifying typs, i.e. types that define the identity of the typed entites and cannot be changed during the whole entity existence should be expressend using the sdh:P67 has kind (is kind of) → sdh:C50 Kind construct.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the geographical place type that classifies the concerned place at a given time or time-spane
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of C99 Epistemic Phase of a Physical Thing with the instance of E18 Physical Thing it is related to.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of sdh:C4 Physical Human-Made Thing Type with an instance of C52 Physical Set
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a class with a controlled vocabulary used to identify more precisely its instances without needing to create further sub-classes.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the classification to the geographical place that it concerns.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property expresses a contextual relationship between types, where the source one is defined or derives its meaning from the second. For example, a type of participation is defined and makes sense in relation to a type of event. Given the mechanism of inheritance, this property can apply to social roles in relation to different contexts, etc. For this reason, the cardinality is many to many, allowing different types to be used in different contexts.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property expresses the fact that the entity or instance in the property domain is considered to refer the same resource in the world as the instance referred to in the property's range but they belong to two different, not owl:equivalent classes.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property states that the entity in the domain position is possibly the same as the one in the range of the property, inside the same information system, and that they belong to the same class. This means these entities could potentially be duplicates but they are kept distinct because of this uncertainty. To document that two entities are the same and that they should be merged, it is necessary to use instead the property P13 should be merged with (should be preferred to).
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of C22 Physical Man-Made Thing with an instance of C55 Physical Human-Made Thing Classification that classifies it.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of Physical Man-made Thing Type that classifies the concerned Physical Man-Made Thing with an instance of C55 Physical Human-Made Thing Classification.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an epistemic situation with the type which defines its identity
is epistemic situation preferred type of
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a quality with the period, as a spatio-temporal phenomenon, to which it is inherent.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a quality with the epistemic situation to which it is inherent.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the epistemic situation to which the involvment is related.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an involvement in an epistemic situation with the type which defines its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates one and only one persistent item that is involved in an epistemic situation. Only one persistent item can be added per class instance.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the node that the link is transmitted from or to.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. The property connects an instance of C62 Link with the class C63 Link Type that defines its type.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This class associates the connotation of an event classification with the Event it classifies.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This class associates the connotation of an event classification with the Type it has been classified with.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the involved object with the corresponding activity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the thing concerned by the involvement in an activity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a biological object to the species to which it belongs.
is the biological object classification of
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the group type that classifies the concerned group at a given time or time-span.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the Group Classification with the Group concerned.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a quality with the intentional event to which it belongs.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates a Quantifiable Quality of an Intentional Event with a type which expresses its essential classification.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the main persistent item to the Epistemic Situation in which it is involved. This association must be verified throughout the epistemic situation. If this is not the case, it is necessary to create an instance of the sdh:C60 Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation class. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from sdh:C3 Epistemic Situation sdh:P77 has involved things sdh:C60 Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation sdh:P79 is involvment of crm:E77 Persistent Item.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property allows typing of instances of C59 Quantifiable Quality of an Epistemic Situation through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the main crm:E74 Group to the C73 Epistemic Situation of a Group in which it is involved. This association must be verified throughout the epistemic situation. If this is not the case, it is necessary to create an instance of the sdh:C60 Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation class. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from sdh:C73 Epistemic Situation of a Group sdh:P77 has involved things sdh:C60 Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation sdh:P79 is involvment of crm:E74 Group
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the person type that classifies the concerned person at a given time or time-span.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the Person Classification with the Person concerned.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. Associates an instance of sdh:C17 Construction with the instance of sdh:C18 Construction Type which defines its identity
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an E67Birth event to an E21 Person in the role of offspring. Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same Birth event. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property property links an E69 Death event to the E21 Person that died. A Death event may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster.This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property relates an E93 Presence with the STV it is part of…