CRM Entity
type: Class
notation: E1
comment: This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifierClassification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal propertiesAll other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
subclass of: Thing

Temporal Entity
type: Class
notation: E2
comment: This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
subclass of: CRM Entity

Period
type: Class
notation: E4
comment: This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space.It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods.Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e., an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e., an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.As the actual extent of an instance of E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be c…
subclass of: Temporal Entity
subclass of: Spacetime Volume

Event
type: Class
notation: E5
comment: This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles.While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations.The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event.While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience.Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the si…
subclass of: Period
subclass of: Observable Entity

Activity
type: Class
notation: E7
comment: This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
subclass of: Event

Move
type: Class
notation: E9
comment: This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object. Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.
subclass of: Activity

Physical Thing
type: Class
notation: E18
comment: This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural.Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by). The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span.
subclass of: Legal Object
subclass of: Material Substantial

Physical Object
type: Class
notation: E19
comment: This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e., naturally defined objects. The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.
subclass of: Physical Thing

Actor
type: Class
notation: E39
comment: This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible.
subclass of: Persistent Item

Place
type: Class
notation: E53
comment: This class comprises extents in the natural space we live in, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance.Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).
subclass of: CRM Entity

Thing
type: Class
notation: E70
comment: This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
subclass of: Persistent Item

Legal Object
type: Class
notation: E72
comment: This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is true for all instances of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of an instance of E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CIDOC CRM.
subclass of: Thing

Group
type: Class
notation: E74
comment: This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e., a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group.A gathering of people becomes an instance of E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an instance of E74 Group. Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.
subclass of: Actor

Persistent Item
type: Class
notation: E77
comment: This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names. Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or disappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics used should be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time. The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described or referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to ex…
subclass of: CRM Entity

Spacetime Volume
type: Class
notation: E92
comment: This class comprises 4-dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime (in contrast to mathematical models of it) regardless their true geometric forms. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place and E52 Time-Span are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is its projection on time.
subclass of: CRM Entity

Material Substantial
type: Class
notation: S10
comment: This class comprises constellations of matter with a relative stability of any form sufficient to associate them with a persistent identity, such as being confined to certain extent, having a relative stability of form or structure, or containing a fixed amount of matter. In particular, it comprises physical things in the narrower sense and fluid bodies. It is an abstraction of physical substance for solid and non-solid things of matter.
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Observable Entity

Observable Entity
type: Class
notation: S15
comment: This class comprises instances of E5 Event or S10 Material Substantial (i.e. items or phenomena, such as physical things, their behaviour, states and interactions or events), that can be observed by measurement or detection devices or by human sensory impression including when enhanced by tools. In order to be observable, instances of E5 Event must consist of some interaction or action of material substance. In some cases, the spatiotemporal confinement of the event itself, such as a flash, a car stopping etc. marks the limits of a documented observation of an event. In other cases, such as the situation of a car passing by a certain object, the spatiotemporal limits of the event of observing itself, as well as the direction of attention or the orientation of used instruments, may constrain the observed detail of a larger process, e.g., noticing the sight of a car passing by; a light emission, etc. Conceptual objects manifest through their carriers such as books, digital media, or even human memory. Attributes of conceptual objects, such as number of words, can be observed on their carriers. If the respective properties between carriers differ, either they carry different instances of conceptual objects or the difference can be attributed to accidental deficiencies in one of the carriers. In that sense even immaterial objects are observable. By this model we address the fact that frequently, the actually observed carriers of conceptual objects are not explicitly identified in documentation, i.e., they are assumed to have existed but they are unknown as individuals.
subclass of: CRM Entity

Thing
type: Class
notation: Thing
comment: The class of OWL individuals.

Exercise of Authority
type: Class
notation: WE1
comment: This class comprises the activities involved in the exercise of power by a group or individual over some other persons and potentially some place. The exercise of authority is the active assertion of an individual or group's power over the related persons and/or place through physical and/or symbolic acts which are meant to and actually do maintain the authority of the individual or group exercising that power. An instance of exercise of authority comes into existence through its assertion on the part of that power, which may bring about the authority of the individual or group asserting in question (e.g.: a declaration of authority by a party over some group or territory) or may represent a manifestation of the socially agreed upon application of the authority of an individual or group and their assumption of that authority (e.g.: appointment). Instances of exercise of authority may cease to exist either through a counter action on the part of another (e.g.: seizing control of a ship), or through the socially agreed upon transfer of power (e.g.: end of term or removal from office). Moreover, the death of the individual or dissolution of the group exercising the authority in question may also brings about the end of existence of the exercise of authority.

Sovereignty
type: Class
notation: WE2
comment: This class comprises the activities involved in the exercise of power by a ruling group or individual over a population and, typically, a territory. Sovereignty consists in the active assertion of the sovereign's power over the related population and territory through physical and/or symbolic acts which are meant to and actually do maintain the authority of that sovereign. An instance of sovereignty may come into existence either through its assertion on the part of the sovereign, which may bring about the rule of the sovereign (e.g.: a revolution, coup d'etat) or may come about constitutionally through the application of pre-agreed terms of the declaration of a new sovereign and their assumption of sovereignty (e.g.: coronation procedures). Instances of sovereignty may cease to exist either through a counter action that successfully challenges that sovereignty (e.g., a popular revolution), through the dissolution of general social order, or constitutionally through pre-agreed forms of the transfer of power (e.g., direct descent). Moreover, the death or dissolution of the individual or group exercising sovereignty may also bring about the end to its existence.
subclass of: Exercise of Authority

Embodied Actor
type: Class
notation: WE3
comment: This class comprises persons be they animal or more specifically human animals, individually or collectively in embodied form. The substance of embodied actor is physical persons. Instances of embodied actor come to be when the individual be it singular or plural is fully manifest in reality and agentially capable (in the broad sense of the term). Instances of embodied actor cease to exist when, if individual, they are materially and/or agentially defunct, having undergone physical or noetic disintegration, and when, if grouped, they are substantially dispersed after they have come together for a particular purpose.
subclass of: Actor

Manifest Group
type: Class
notation: WE4
comment: This class comprises a defined set of persons who are able to act together as a single collective in intentional action and who are moreover gathered together physically to bring about this end. The substance of manifest groups is physical persons qua embodied actor. Instances of manifest group come into existence when an intentional group maintains a continuous co-presence in spacetime. Instances of manifest group cease to exist when this co-presence ends. Examples of manifest group include the players playing in a particular football match, the soldiers deployed in a battalion for a particular battle, a herd of sheep.
subclass of: Group
subclass of: Embodied Actor

Animal
type: Class
notation: WE5
comment: Instances of this class are living organisms that move and react to the environment around themselves and are endowed with some level of sentience.
subclass of: Embodied Actor

Attack
type: Class
notation: WE6
comment: This class comprises instances of aggressive physical action by one party towards another in which the instigator intends to cause damage to the target.

Voyage
type: Class
notation: WE7
comment: This class comprises events in which physical objects are moved from one place to another and wherein either the main or one of the main objects being moved is the person or persons undertaking the voyage. The substance of this class is that of an intentional event. Instance of voyage come into existence when the intention to voyage is declared and the associated preparative actions are begun with the intention of actually leaving. An instance of voyage may come to an end when it reaches its intended destination. It may also end if the intention to voyage is abandoned or the means by which to achieve it are no longer available.
subclass of: Sending

Intentional Destruction
type: Class
notation: WE8
comment: This class comprises events which are deliberately undertaken to cause the destruction of some physical thing and which succeed in that effort. The substance of this class is intentional activity with intent to destroy. Instances of this class come into existence when an actor begins an action that is intended to and capable of bringing about the end of existence of a physical object through an injurious action. Instances of this class cease to be when the aim of destroying the object is achieved and the object is destroyed.
subclass of: Destructive Physical Modification

Destructive Physical Modification
type: Class
notation: WE9
comment: This class comprises instances of intentional action by actors that are undertaken to physically bring about constitutional degradation and harm to physical things An instance of this class comes into existence when an actor undertakes to bring about damage to a physical thing with appropriate equipment and planning according to the context and intended object of damage to bring about such harm. Instances of this class come to a halt when the intended damage has been achieved or if the initiated action is given up part way or through lack of will or means to finish the action.
subclass of: Activity

Ameliorative Physical Modification
type: Class
notation: WE10
comment: This class comprises instances of intentional action by actors that are undertaken to physically bring about constitutional improvement and benefit to E18 Physical Things. An instance of this class comes into existence when an actor undertakes to bring about benefit to a physical thing with appropriate equipment and planning according to the context and intended object of amelioration to bring about such benefit. Instances of this class come to a halt when the intended benefit has been achieved or if the initiated action is given up part way or through lack of will or means to finish the action.
subclass of: Activity

Correspondence Event
type: Class
notation: WE11
comment: Instances of this class represent communicative acts in which an actor addresses a message to another person or set of persons.

Sending
type: Class
notation: WE12
comment: This class comprises events in which physical objects are moved from one place to another and wherein the sending person is not also the object of the event. The substance of this class is that of an intentional activity. Particularly, it is typical to know the declared origin and destination of an instance of sending but not necessarily its eventual outcome. An instance of sending comes into existence when the requisite actions are undertaken to initiate the dispatch of a physical object from one place to another are put it place and the sending made possible. An instance of sending may come to an end when the object sent has reached its intended destination. It may also end if the intention to send is abandoned or the means by which to achieve it are no longer available.
subclass of: Move

Visit
type: Class
notation: WE13
comment: Instances of this class involve the intentional activity of actors to spend time in a geographic location for the sake of exploring and generally 'being' at that place for a period of time. Instances of visit entail an intentional relation to the place visited by the intending actor, engaging in interaction with and observation of the place that they visit and the various things to be met in that space. Instances of visit begin with the arrival of the visiting actor within the place to be visited. Instances of visit end when the visiting actor leaves the place visited. Instances of visit may further end if the actor gives up the intention or loses the means by which to continue the visit or themselves expire.
subclass of: Activity

Dwelling
type: Class
notation: WE14
comment: Instances of this class involve the intentional activity of actors to spend time in a geographic location in a capacity as inhabitant. Instances of dwelling entail an intentional relation to the place dwelt in by the intending actor, engaging in interaction with and observation of the place dwelt in and the various things to be met in that space in a manner building up a longer term relation to and reliance on the latter. Instances of dwelling begin with the settling in of the dwelling actor within the place to be dwelt in. Instances of dwelling end when the dwelling actor permanently leaves the place dwelt in, typically to establish dwelling in another place. Instances of dwelling may further end if the actor is forced against their will or lose the means by which to continue the dwelling in that place or when they themselves expire.
subclass of: Activity

Act of Authority
type: Class
notation: WE15
comment: This class comprises instances of commands, orders, requests, etc., undertaken on the basis of one's authority, which typically aim to trigger a subsequent event, itself carried out by those who recognize the authority status of the actor. An instance of act of authority is conducted within a social-cultural framework and makes use of the codes and symbols of that framework to initiate an event or a sequence of events aimed at realising some desired outcome. Instances of act of authority begin when an E39 Actor, endowed with the appropriate authority, has another E39 Actor undertake an action by invoking an existing code or procedure to trigger the desired outcome. This need not, however, refer to an explicit or formal code or procedure.

Persons
type: Class
notation: ZE36
comment: Instances of this class comprise sentient beings endowed, to more or less extent, with intentionality, either as individuals or collectives. Instances of Persons are first causes and ends in themselves in a philosophical sense. The substance of Persons is personhood in this sense of being endowed with intentionality and the requisite respect qua sentient being.
subclass of: Persistent Item

Population
type: Class
notation: ZE37
comment: This class comprises a defined set of persons who are considered to together form a coherent, identifiable unit according to certain characteristics such as citizenry, religious affiliation or other uniting characteristics or properties. Instances of population may be emically or etically defined. The substance of population is a collectivity of people[.] Instances of population existence natural population come into and go out of existence through natural and social processes the particular details of which are often difficult to know or the subject of research and investigation. If a population is declaratively defined such as 'male voters between the age of 20 and 30 in Alabama in 2024 election cycle', then the existence condition is relative to the de jure declaration of their composition. An instance of population can be identified to be in existence when a suitable collective of individuals matching to its description can be identified to live and conform to those characteristics
subclass of: Physical Thing
subclass of: Persons

took place at
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Place
comment: This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period. The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations.This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place. E4 Period is a subclass of E92 Spacetime Volume. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections, that is, instances of E53 Place. Something happening at a given place can also be considered to happen at a larger place containing the first. For example, the assault on the Bastille 14th July 1789 took place in the area covered by Paris in 1789 but also in the area covered by France in 1789.
domain:
  ressource: Period

had participant
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Actor
comment: This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event. It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide us with constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e., instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.
domain:
  ressource: Event
sub property of: occurred in the presence of

occurred in the presence of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Persistent Item
comment: This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role. It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide us with constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.
domain:
  ressource: Event

carried out by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Actor
comment: This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity. It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation.
domain:
  ressource: Activity
sub property of: had participant

moved
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Physical Object
comment: This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object.The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.
domain:
  ressource: Move
sub property of: occurred in the presence of

had geographic scope
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Place
comment: This property relates an instance of exercise of authority to the location over which it projects this authority.
domain:
  ressource: Exercise of Authority

had authority over
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Persons
comment: This property connects an instance of exercise of authority to the persons individually or collectively over whom it exercised authority.
domain:
  ressource: Exercise of Authority
sub property of: had participant

had sovereign
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Actor
comment: This property relates an instance of sovereignty to an actor, individual or group, who wielded that sovereignty.
domain:
  ressource: Sovereignty
sub property of: carried out by

had subject population
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Population
comment: This property relates an instance of sovereignty to a population over which it wielded this sovereignty.
domain:
  ressource: Sovereignty
sub property of: had authority over

was manifestation of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Group
comment: This property relates an instance of manifest group as a realized collection of real individuals formed together in a coherent space time volume at some time to the abstract group with which they are otherwise identified.
domain:
  ressource: Manifest Group

had intended target
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Physical Thing
comment: This property relates an instance of attack to the intended target of that attack.
domain:
  ressource: Attack

was undertaken by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Embodied Actor
comment: This property links an instance of voyage to an instance of embodied actor that undertook that voyage. The related embodied actor is both the agent carrying out the voyage and the object moved.
domain:
  ressource: Voyage
sub property of: carried out by
sub property of: moved

had declared intermediary place
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Place
comment: This property links an instance of voyage to an instance of place that the voyage was intended to pass through in the context of the voyage. The connection created between the voyage and the place is one of intention. Whether a place was actually passed through can only be determined by further documentation which would motivate the documentation of a visit or stop at the intended intermediary place as part of the overall instance of voyage.
domain:
  ressource: Voyage

had declared destination
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Place
comment: This property links an instance of sending (and its subclasses) with a place of intended destination for the sending of the object. This property links the act of sending with the referenced place through intention, enabling the representation of the intended final arrival spot of the sent object. In documentation, an intended destination may be known rather than an actual destination of arrival for the sent object, or the intended destination and the final destination differ. This property allows the description of this nuance. The property crm:P26_moved_to should be used to document an actual move. For more complex, multi part actions of sending, an event forming part of the overall sending may document the final arrival place of the object (be that at its intended or another location).
domain:
  ressource: Sending

diminished
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Physical Thing
comment: This property links an instance of destructive physical modification with an instance of physical thing that was diminished through this activity. This property enables the documentation that an instance of destructive physical modification successfully resulted in the reduction of the physical integrity of the physical thing targeted. It does not enable the quantification of this diminishing effect.
domain:
  ressource: Destructive Physical Modification
sub property of: occurred in the presence of

ameliorated
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Physical Thing
comment: This property links an instance of ameliorative physical modification with an instance of physical thing that was ameliorated through this activity. This property enables the documentation that an instance of ameliorative physical modification successfully resulted in the improvement of the physical integrity of the physical thing targeted. It does not enable the quantification of this salutary effect.
domain:
  ressource: Ameliorative Physical Modification
sub property of: occurred in the presence of

had addressee
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Persons
comment: This property links an instance of correspondence event to an instance of persons to whom it is addressed. This property enables the documentation in a chain of communication of the intended receiver of a particular act of communicating a message.
domain:
  ressource: Correspondence Event

had declared origin
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Place
comment: This property links an instance of sending (and its subclasses) with a place of intended origin for the sending of the object. This property links the act of sending with the referenced place through intention, enabling the representation of the intended originating location of the sending activity. In documentation, an intended origin destination may be known in distinction to the actual origin destination of the sending, and indeed the intended origin location and the final origin location may actually differ. This property allows the description of this nuance. The property crm:P27_moved_from should be used to document an actual origin location. For more complex, multi part actions of sending, an event forming part of the overall sending may document the final origin place of the sending (be that at its intended or another location).
domain:
  ressource: Sending

visited
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Place
comment: This property enables the documentation of the relation of an instance of visit event to the place visited. The relation holding between the visit event and the place differs from the typical documentation of the place at which an event occurs. The documented of the visit relation indicates the intentional activity of the actors involved to interact with and observe the place visited and the objects / events occurring within this place frame.
domain:
  ressource: Visit
sub property of: took place at

dwelt in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Place
comment: This property enables the documentation of the relation of an instance of dwelling event to the place dwelt in. The relation holding between the dwelling event and the place differs from the typical documentation of the place at which an event occurs. The documentation of the dwelling relation indicates the intentional activity of the actors involved to take up phenomenal residence and interact with the place dwelt in and the objects / events occurring therein as part of their everyday life and life activity.
domain:
  ressource: Dwelling
sub property of: took place at

had combatant
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Embodied Actor
comment: This property links an event of attack to instances of embodied actor who actively took part in the physical act of attacking.
domain:
  ressource: Attack
sub property of: occurred in the presence of
sub property of: carried out by

witnessed
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Period
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period. The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations.This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place. E4 Period is a subclass of E92 Spacetime Volume. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections, that is, instances of E53 Place. Something happening at a given place can also be considered to happen at a larger place containing the first. For example, the assault on the Bastille 14th July 1789 took place in the area covered by Paris in 1789 but also in the area covered by France in 1789.
domain:
  ressource: Place

participated in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Event
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event. It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide us with constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e., instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.
domain:
  ressource: Actor
sub property of: was present at

was present at
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Event
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role. It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide us with constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.
domain:
  ressource: Persistent Item

performed
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Activity
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity. It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation.
domain:
  ressource: Actor
sub property of: participated in

moved by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Move
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object.The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.
domain:
  ressource: Physical Object
sub property of: was present at

was geographic scope of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Exercise of Authority
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property relates an instance of exercise of authority to the location over which it projects this authority.
domain:
  ressource: Place

was subject to authority of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Exercise of Authority
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property connects an instance of exercise of authority to the persons individually or collectively over whom it exercised authority.
domain:
  ressource: Persons
sub property of: participated in

exercised authority of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Sovereignty
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property relates an instance of sovereignty to an actor, individual or group, who wielded that sovereignty.
domain:
  ressource: Actor
sub property of: performed

was subject population of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Sovereignty
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property relates an instance of sovereignty to a population over which it wielded this sovereignty.
domain:
  ressource: Population
sub property of: was subject to authority of

manifested in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifest Group
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property relates an instance of manifest group as a realized collection of real individuals formed together in a coherent space time volume at some time to the abstract group with which they are otherwise identified.
domain:
  ressource: Group

was intended target of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Attack
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property relates an instance of attack to the intended target of that attack.
domain:
  ressource: Physical Thing

undertook
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Voyage
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of voyage to an instance of embodied actor that undertook that voyage. The related embodied actor is both the agent carrying out the voyage and the object moved.
domain:
  ressource: Embodied Actor
sub property of: performed
sub property of: moved by

was declared intermediary place of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Voyage
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of voyage to an instance of place that the voyage was intended to pass through in the context of the voyage. The connection created between the voyage and the place is one of intention. Whether a place was actually passed through can only be determined by further documentation which would motivate the documentation of a visit or stop at the intended intermediary place as part of the overall instance of voyage.
domain:
  ressource: Place

was declared destination of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Sending
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of sending (and its subclasses) with a place of intended destination for the sending of the object. This property links the act of sending with the referenced place through intention, enabling the representation of the intended final arrival spot of the sent object. In documentation, an intended destination may be known rather than an actual destination of arrival for the sent object, or the intended destination and the final destination differ. This property allows the description of this nuance. The property crm:P26_moved_to should be used to document an actual move. For more complex, multi part actions of sending, an event forming part of the overall sending may document the final arrival place of the object (be that at its intended or another location).
domain:
  ressource: Place

was diminished by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Destructive Physical Modification
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of destructive physical modification with an instance of physical thing that was diminished through this activity. This property enables the documentation that an instance of destructive physical modification successfully resulted in the reduction of the physical integrity of the physical thing targeted. It does not enable the quantification of this diminishing effect.
domain:
  ressource: Physical Thing
sub property of: was present at

was ameliorated by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Ameliorative Physical Modification
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of ameliorative physical modification with an instance of physical thing that was ameliorated through this activity. This property enables the documentation that an instance of ameliorative physical modification successfully resulted in the improvement of the physical integrity of the physical thing targeted. It does not enable the quantification of this salutary effect.
domain:
  ressource: Physical Thing
sub property of: was present at

was addressee of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Correspondence Event
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of correspondence event to an instance of persons to whom it is addressed. This property enables the documentation in a chain of communication of the intended receiver of a particular act of communicating a message.
domain:
  ressource: Persons

was declared origin of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Sending
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of sending (and its subclasses) with a place of intended origin for the sending of the object. This property links the act of sending with the referenced place through intention, enabling the representation of the intended originating location of the sending activity. In documentation, an intended origin destination may be known in distinction to the actual origin destination of the sending, and indeed the intended origin location and the final origin location may actually differ. This property allows the description of this nuance. The property crm:P27_moved_from should be used to document an actual origin location. For more complex, multi part actions of sending, an event forming part of the overall sending may document the final origin place of the sending (be that at its intended or another location).
domain:
  ressource: Place

was visited through
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Visit
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property enables the documentation of the relation of an instance of visit event to the place visited. The relation holding between the visit event and the place differs from the typical documentation of the place at which an event occurs. The documented of the visit relation indicates the intentional activity of the actors involved to interact with and observe the place visited and the objects / events occurring within this place frame.
domain:
  ressource: Place
sub property of: witnessed

was dwelt in through
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Dwelling
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property enables the documentation of the relation of an instance of dwelling event to the place dwelt in. The relation holding between the dwelling event and the place differs from the typical documentation of the place at which an event occurs. The documentation of the dwelling relation indicates the intentional activity of the actors involved to take up phenomenal residence and interact with the place dwelt in and the objects / events occurring therein as part of their everyday life and life activity.
domain:
  ressource: Place
sub property of: witnessed

was combatant in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Attack
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an event of attack to instances of embodied actor who actively took part in the physical act of attacking.
domain:
  ressource: Embodied Actor
sub property of: was present at
sub property of: performed