This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifierClassification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal propertiesAll other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space.It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods.Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e., an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e., an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.As the actual extent of an instance of E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as islands or colonies.Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units.Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however there must not be a discontinuity in the time-span covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a whole. However, it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area.We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime Volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CIDOC CRMgeo (Doerr Hiebel, 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, we can discuss the physical extent of an instance of E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomenon while an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.Typical use of this class in cultural heritage documentation is for documenting cultural and artistic periods. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period in the European sphere of influence lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.A geopolitical unit as a specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena related to the claim of power, the consequences of belonging to a jurisdictional area and an administrative system that establishes a geopolitical unit. Examples from the modern period are countries or administrative areas of countries such as districts whose actions and structures define activities and phenomena in the area that they intend to govern. The borders of geopolitical units are often defined in contracts or treaties although they may deviate from the actual practice. The spatiotemporal properties of Geopolitical units can be modelled through the properties inherited from E92 Spacetime Volume.Another specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the actual extent of the set of activities and phenomena as evidenced by their physical traces that define a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles.While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations.The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event.While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience.Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the size of the phenomena. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy overall effect and are thus not instances of E5 Event.
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
This class comprises instances of E7 Activity that are undertaken to create, alter or change instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.This class includes the production of an item from raw materials and other so far undocumented objects. It also includes the conservation treatment of an object.Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification is regarded as the more generally applicable concept. This implies that some items may be consumed or destroyed in an instance of E11 Modification, and that others may be produced as a result of it. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities.An activity undertaken on an object which was designed to alter it, but which, in fact, it did not in any seemingly significant way (such as the application of a solvent during conservation which failed to dissolve any part of the object), is still considered as an instance of E11 Modification. Typically, any such activity will leave at least forensic traces of evidence on the object.If the instance of E29 Design or Procedure utilized for the modification prescribes the use of specific materials, they should be documented using property P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material of E29 Design or Procedure, rather than via P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material.
This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one. This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.
This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned): E55 Type. For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g., the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries.This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact, that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about.All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values. All cases of properties in this model that are also described indirectly through a subclass of E13 Attribute Assignment are characterised as "short cuts" of a path via this subclass. This redundant modelling of two alternative views is preferred because many implementations may have good reasons to model either the action of assertion or the short cut, and the relation between both alternatives can be captured by simple rules.
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural.Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by). The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span.
This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e., naturally defined objects. The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.
This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, Human-Made objects, such as a sword, and Human-Made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.Instances of Human-Made thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even Human-Made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation.Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new Human-Made thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as physical Human-Made things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it Human-Made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of a physical Human-Made thing may continue to be non-Human-Made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.
This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects. Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not. Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature. This definition coincides with the definition of "fiat objects" (Smith Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects”.
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.
This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form or contents. In particular, it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in new instances of E71 Human-Made Thing or for shaping or guiding the execution of an instance of E7 Activity.Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others.This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with): E29 Design or Procedure.Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the followingA schema for the activities it describesA schema of the products that result from their application.An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s famous plans for flying machines.Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CIDOC CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.
This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks, images and other visual works.This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual qualities (symbols, marks or images etc.). The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes. E55 Type is the CIDOC CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e., instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e., the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g.: “instances of Mandarin Chinese”.It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639-2:1998 and later versions.
This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a “terminus post quem” or “terminus ante quem”.
This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
This class comprises discrete, identifiable human-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or human-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.
This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is true for all instances of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of an instance of E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CIDOC CRM.
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a "named graph" also falls under this class, so that each "named graph" is an instance of E73 Information Object.An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.
This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names. Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or disappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics used should be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time. The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described or referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. On the opposite, the identity of a (version of a) text of a scientific publication is given by the exact arrangement of its relevant symbols. The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope of the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties. An instance of E77 Persistent Item does not require actual knowledge of the identifying features of the instance being currently known. There may be cases, where the actual identifying features of an instance of E77 Persistent Item are not decidable at a particular state of knowledge.
This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units.It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string.In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g., "bit", "Latin character", RGB pixel).
This class comprises 4-dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime (in contrast to mathematical models of it) regardless their true geometric forms. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place and E52 Time-Span are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is its projection on time.
This class comprises the activity of making honest inferences or observations. An honest inference or observation is one in which the E39 Actor carrying out the I1 Argumentation justifies and believes that the I6 Belief Value associated with the resulting I2 Belief about the I4 Proposition Set is the correct value at the time that the activity was undertaken and that any I3 Inference Logic or methodology was correctly applied. One instance of E39 Actor may carry out an instance of I1 Argumentation, though the E39 Actor may, of course, be an instance of E74 Group.
This class comprises the activity of gaining scientific knowledge about particular states of physical reality through empirical evidence, experiments and measurements. We define observation in the sense of natural sciences, as a kind of human activity: at some place and within some time-span, certain physical things and their behavior and interactions are observed by human sensory impression, and often enhanced by tools and measurement devices. Observed situations or dimensions may pertain to properties confined to a single instance of S15 Observable Entity or pertain to constellations of multiple instances and relations between them, in particular distances between them. The output of the internal processes of measurement devices that do not require additional human interaction are in general regarded as part of the observation and not as additional inference. Primary data from measurement devices are regarded in this model to be results of observation and can be interpreted as propositions believed to be true within the (known) tolerances and degree of reliability of the device. Measurements and witnessing of events are special cases of observations. Observations result in a belief that certain propositions held at a time within the time-span of the observation. In this model, the degree of confidence in the observed properties is regarded to be “true” by default, but could be described differently by adding a property P3 has note to an instance of S4 Observation
This class comprises constellations of matter with a relative stability of any form sufficient to associate them with a persistent identity, such as being confined to certain extent, having a relative stability of form or structure, or containing a fixed amount of matter. In particular, it comprises physical things in the narrower sense and fluid bodies. It is an abstraction of physical substance for solid and non-solid things of matter.
This class comprises instances of E5 Event or S10 Material Substantial (i.e. items or phenomena, such as physical things, their behaviour, states and interactions or events), that can be observed by measurement or detection devices or by human sensory impression including when enhanced by tools. In order to be observable, instances of E5 Event must consist of some interaction or action of material substance. In some cases, the spatiotemporal confinement of the event itself, such as a flash, a car stopping etc. marks the limits of a documented observation of an event. In other cases, such as the situation of a car passing by a certain object, the spatiotemporal limits of the event of observing itself, as well as the direction of attention or the orientation of used instruments, may constrain the observed detail of a larger process, e.g., noticing the sight of a car passing by; a light emission, etc. Conceptual objects manifest through their carriers such as books, digital media, or even human memory. Attributes of conceptual objects, such as number of words, can be observed on their carriers. If the respective properties between carriers differ, either they carry different instances of conceptual objects or the difference can be attributed to accidental deficiencies in one of the carriers. In that sense even immaterial objects are observable. By this model we address the fact that frequently, the actually observed carriers of conceptual objects are not explicitly identified in documentation, i.e., they are assumed to have existed but they are unknown as individuals.
This class comprises events or processes that result in (generate) physical things, man-made or natural, coming into being in the form by which they are later identified. The creation of a new physical item, at the same time, can be a result of an alteration (modification) – it can become a new thing due to an alteration activity.
This class comprises natural events or man-made processes that create, alter or change physical things, by affecting permanently their form or consistency without changing their identity. Examples include alterations on depositional features-layers by natural factors or disturbance by roots or insects, organic alterations, petrification, etc.
This class comprises visible or tactile marks (called glyphs or graphs), which relate in a systematic way to units of speech, intentionally traced (i.e., “written”) on some kind of physical support by using specific techniques and tools, with the purpose of conveying a message towards a given receiver or group of receivers.
This class describes the activity of communicating information by means of permanent, visible marks in a non-mechanical way, using various techniques (painting, sculpture, etc.) and by means of specific tools, on a given support.
This class represents a conventional symbolic system designed to represent units of a natural language with the purpose of recording and transmitting information. A writing system consists of a set of symbols (graphemes, TX8), instantiated through physical signs of a visual or tactile nature (glyphs, TX9) representing linguistic units of any kind and the related syntactic (i.e., graphotactic) rules.It is used to produce a TX1 Written Text during a TX2 Writing event.
This class describes the portion of the physical carrier arranged and usually reserved and delimited for the purpose of accommodating a written text, highlighting and isolating it from the other parts of the object to which it belongs, enhancing and guaranteeing its readability. This entity is paramount specially in epigraphy, in which a specific element called “epigraphic field” has been defined by the discipline itself. Its importance is also evident in papyrology and codicology, where a clear distinction between area(s) containing the written text and empty parts of the support (margins, intercolumnia, etc.) is significant for the definition of styles and periods of the document.
This class comprises activities of recognizing physical features on some surface, often an instance of TX4 Writing Field, as an arrangement of a series of identifiable glyphs of some known script, deciphered or not, in an order characteristic for a text.For study purposes, the text recognition procedure requires a scientific autoptic examination of the text. An autoptic examination consists of an accurate analysis of the surface and the signs, and prescribes the use of specific tools and procedures for establishing the exact value of each sign on the physical feature. Deterioration of the original medium or “sloppy” writing may render parts of the original text as undecipherable or ambiguous, which may be annotated in the transcript following epigraphic standards; a text recognition typically results in a record of an equivalent sequence of graphemes on another persistent medium in a scholarly established form of representation of the respective graphemes, often called a “transcript”.An instance of TX5 Text Recognition may in particular apply even to a single glyph, typically forming part of an instance of TX5 Text Recognition applying to a larger sequence of glyphs containing the former glyph.The recognition process may be assisted by mechanical means, imaging technology, or a traditional squeeze for incised glyphs. In case the recognition process is solely based on the latter, the observation concerns only the representations on the latter as present to the researcher in some physical form or projection and should unambiguously be documented as such.In case the recognized text has not been documented in a transcript, text recognition may constitute an implicit part of an overarching reading process, instance of TX14 Reading, which has resulted in other noteworthy propositions related to the content of the recognized text. On the other side, recognition of single glyphs or contracted parts of texts, as they are characteristic for the use of ligatured scripts, may quite well be implicitly supported by the reader’s comprehension of the text and the creator of the transcript may have chosen not to annotate parts that the reader regarded as unambiguous. Since these cases can often hardly be separated from the shape recognition of the glyphs in isolation, documenting such implicit comprehension as a separate process may not be relevant. It is however regarded as good practice to document explicitly the reading process and associated interpretative reasoning for any non-trivial resolution of ambiguity or gaps in the recognized text that has a bearing on the transcript or further completion of the transcript.
This class comprises activities of exactly re-writing (i.e., re-encoding) an instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence, i.e., the characters of a text, a contiguous part or a single character of it, by using a writing system (TX3) different from that of the original text, without changing the order of characters or words, by using standard correspondences.This operation may apply a 1:1 relation between the signs of the two writing systems, a “transliteration” in the narrower sense (e.g., the ALA-LC Romanization of Greek to Latin). It may also apply an approximation of the sounds of a language, as defined by the source writing system, by that of the target writing system, normally called a “transcription” (e.g., the “rōmaji” Romanization of Japanese), or a mixture of both (e.g. the ELOT 743 Type 2 – transcription of Greek to Latin letters). In a broader sense, the term “transcription” also applies to the activity of re-encoding a text using the same writing system (see example 1). The P16 used specific object (was used for) property can be used to specify the applied method of correspondence.
This class describes portions of text considered to be of particular significance by scholars, as witnesses of a certain meaning or bearers of a particular phenomenon relevant to the investigation, study and understanding of a text. Examples of such text portions are columns, fragments, sections, paragraphs, as well as single words or signs, or other components of a written text. To each of these entities can be associated a single production event (TX2) or destruction event (E6), as in the case of letters or words damaged or worn by atmospheric agents or human interventions, as well as specific conditions (E3) for documenting its status during the text recognition process (TX5). The relationship between a written text (TX1) and its components is documented through the TXP4 has segment property.
This class comprises symbols used as kinds of atomic units with distinctive value in a given writing system in order to represent linguistic units of some level to encode elements of a message. According to the typology of the writing system, the represented linguistic units can be phonemes (as in Latin), syllables (as in Mycenaean Linear B), up to complete words (as in Chinese and Sumerian scripts).A writing system also provides the conventions determining how the graphemes are to be used to write a language (orthographic rules).In some writing systems, graphemes may also be used as auxiliary signs, for instance, for disambiguating senses of homonyms, as in the Japanese writing system, or to mark the semantic categories of the words, as in the ancient Egyptian determinatives.
This class describes the physical, concrete features traced by a writer, representing the material manifestations of the graphemes needed to codify a linguistic expression. Glyphs are typically observed by the scholars during a text recognition activity (TX5) carried out to decode and recognise the graphemes (TX8) they represent.
This class describes stylistic variations of texts, including local script styles (as the Carolingian minuscule for the Latin script) and individual scribal hands. It includes: the general appearance of the script, in terms of general design, aspects related to a bilinear system (i.e., upper- and lowercase), measures (i.e., large, medium or small), shape and number of strokes forming a character, its order and direction. A style includes also information about ductus (the direction the text), ligatures and nexi (i.e., the connection between characters obtained by tracing them without detaching the writing instrument from the support and using one or more strokes in common), and the writing angle (i.e., the position the writing instrument is located with respect to the support). The style corresponds to fonts and their variations in the modern printing process.
This class comprises single occurrences of a Grapheme used as an atomic unit at a particular position in the abstract form of a given particular piece of text.
This class comprises particular sequences of Graphemes used for representing the abstract written form of a section of a given particular text.
This class comprises functionally complete sets of mutually different graphemes employed by one or more languages, regardless of the specific operating rules in a particular language. A writing system, on the other hand, also refers to the set of relations between symbols and linguistic units they represent. The same language may be written using different scripts.
This class describes the complete intellectual activity, involving the interaction of visual-perceptual, linguistic, and conceptual systems, leading from text recognition (TX5) until its association with a complete linguistic meaning.
This property associates an instance of S4 Observation with an instance of S15 Observable Entity that was observed. Specifically it describes that a thing, a feature, a phenomenon or its reaction is observed by an activity of Observation.
This property allows sub typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type.
This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity. This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer.Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.
This property identifies a specific instance of E29 Design or Procedure in order to carry out an instance of E7 Activity or parts of it. The property differs from P32 used general technique (was technique of) in that P33 refers to an instance of E29 Design or Procedure, which is a concrete information object in its own right rather than simply being a term or a method known by tradition. Typical examples would include intervention plans for conservation or the construction plans of a building.
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole.Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).This property is transitive and asymmetric.
This property links an instance of E19 Physical Object to an instance of E26 Physical Feature that it bears.An instance of E26 Physical Feature can only exist on one object. One object may bear more than one E26 Physical Feature. An instance of E27 Site should be considered as an instance of E26 Physical Feature on the surface of the Earth.An instance B of E26 Physical Feature being a detail of the structure of another instance A of E26 Physical Feature can be linked to B by use of the property P46 is composed of (forms part of). This implies that the subfeature B is P56i is found on the same E19 Physical Object as A. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path E19 Physical Object, through, P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of to E26 Physical Feature.
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.This property is transitive asymmetric.
This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production.The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.
This property identifies the specific instance of TX3 Writing System employed during the writing event (TX2) that led to the creation of a written text (TX1).
This property describes the relation existing between a TX1 Written Text and the TX4 Writing Field, specifically created to accommodate the text, within which it is inscribed. This relation becomes quite relevant in the very frequent case where more than a single text is found on different areas of a specific support.
This property is intended to correlate a text and the different parts of it which a scholar can identify, such as: letters, words, lines, columns, pages, or any other scan that can be made by scholars because it is considered to have a particular relevance for the investigation of the text itself.
This property is used to describe in detail the close relationship between a text and the writing event that led to its production.
This property is used to indicate the language encoded by the TX3 Writing System and used for writing, reading or rendering (i.e. transcribing) a TX1 Written Text.
This property associates an instance of TX13 Script with an instance of TX8 Grapheme employed by this script. Different instances of TX13 Script may have some graphemes in common.
This property is used to state the (physical) belonging of a glyph to a given TX1 Written Text.
This property has the purpose of directly associating a TX1 Written Text with the TX3 Writing System used for encoding it. It is a shortcut of the more fully articulated path from TX1 Written Text through TXP5i was written by, TX2 Writing, TXP1 used writing system to TX3 Writing System.
This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition with an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing carrying a glyph or a sequence of glyphs that was recognized in the respective activity of text recognition. Typically, the associated instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is more specifically an instance of TX1 Written Text, however, a text may also be recognized from a mechanical copy, a photograph, squeeze or other form of material copy of a written original, which would not by itself constitute an instance of TX1 Written Text. In the latter case, the material copy should be associated with the original written text using the property ‘P130 shows features’.If the text was actually recognized only from a digital representation, this property should not be used, rather the property TXP13 deciphered via the representation should be used instead.
This property describes the relation between an activity of TX6 Transliteration and the identified sequence of graphemes (TX12) represented in an instance of TX1 Written Text.
This property describes information about the style used for the realization of the written text (TX1). The property TXP12.1 has type allows the nature of the style to be specified, for example to record the direction, orientation or the linear system of the text.
This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition with an instance of E36 Visual Item, capturing the optical impression of an instance of TX1 Written Text by some mechanical method, that was used for recognizing the text without access to the original text and without an explicitly documented material copy or electronic display device that was used for the process.If the text was actually recognized from an autoptic recognition or from a material reproduction, this property may not be used but the property “TXP10 deciphered text (was deciphered by)” should be used instead.This property should also not be used, if the recognition of the text was actually carried out from the original text or a material copy of it together with an auxiliary instance of E36 Visual Item. In this case, the use of the auxiliary material should be documented with the more general property P16 used specific object.
This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition, carried out only via copies or representations of a text, with the original instance of TX1 Written Text that was represented on the used copies or digital surrogates.This property is to be used only for non-autoptic recognition. If this particular recognition of the text was actually carried out from the original text, the property TXP10 deciphered text should be used for associating the instance of TX5 Text Recognition with the original instance of TX1 Written Text.If some form of material copy of the written text was used for the text recognition, then this material copy should be associated with the original written text using the property ‘P130 shows features of’.
This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition with an instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence that was created by this activity of text recognition for recording and representing as faithfully as possible the exact value of each sign on the physical material of the recognized instance of TX1 Written Text.
This property associates an instance of TX3 Writing System with one of the instances of the script (TX13) it employs.
This property associates an instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence with another instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence appearing at a particular position of the sequence. The property can be also used by an instance of TX11 Grapheme Occurrence (subclass of TX12 Grapheme Sequence) for denoting that a grapheme occurrence has part another grapheme occurrence. Note that a grapheme occurrence may be a symbolic composite containing another grapheme occurrence, such as the minute character “e” on top of the character “u” in former German writing systems denoting the symbol for “ü”.
This property associates an instance of TX14 Reading with an instance of TX1 Written Text whose linguistic meaning was interpreted/understood through the reading process. It is a shortcut of the fully developed path from TX14 Reading through P9 consists of, TX5 Text Recognition, TXP10 deciphered text, to TX1 Written Text.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of S4 Observation with an instance of S15 Observable Entity that was observed. Specifically it describes that a thing, a feature, a phenomenon or its reaction is observed by an activity of Observation.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property allows sub typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity. This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer.Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies a specific instance of E29 Design or Procedure in order to carry out an instance of E7 Activity or parts of it. The property differs from P32 used general technique (was technique of) in that P33 refers to an instance of E29 Design or Procedure, which is a concrete information object in its own right rather than simply being a term or a method known by tradition. Typical examples would include intervention plans for conservation or the construction plans of a building.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole.Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).This property is transitive and asymmetric.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of E19 Physical Object to an instance of E26 Physical Feature that it bears.An instance of E26 Physical Feature can only exist on one object. One object may bear more than one E26 Physical Feature. An instance of E27 Site should be considered as an instance of E26 Physical Feature on the surface of the Earth.An instance B of E26 Physical Feature being a detail of the structure of another instance A of E26 Physical Feature can be linked to B by use of the property P46 is composed of (forms part of). This implies that the subfeature B is P56i is found on the same E19 Physical Object as A. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path E19 Physical Object, through, P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of to E26 Physical Feature.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.This property is transitive asymmetric.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production.The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies the specific instance of TX3 Writing System employed during the writing event (TX2) that led to the creation of a written text (TX1).
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the relation existing between a TX1 Written Text and the TX4 Writing Field, specifically created to accommodate the text, within which it is inscribed. This relation becomes quite relevant in the very frequent case where more than a single text is found on different areas of a specific support.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property is intended to correlate a text and the different parts of it which a scholar can identify, such as: letters, words, lines, columns, pages, or any other scan that can be made by scholars because it is considered to have a particular relevance for the investigation of the text itself.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property is used to describe in detail the close relationship between a text and the writing event that led to its production.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property is used to indicate the language encoded by the TX3 Writing System and used for writing, reading or rendering (i.e. transcribing) a TX1 Written Text.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of TX13 Script with an instance of TX8 Grapheme employed by this script. Different instances of TX13 Script may have some graphemes in common.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property is used to state the (physical) belonging of a glyph to a given TX1 Written Text.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property has the purpose of directly associating a TX1 Written Text with the TX3 Writing System used for encoding it. It is a shortcut of the more fully articulated path from TX1 Written Text through TXP5i was written by, TX2 Writing, TXP1 used writing system to TX3 Writing System.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition with an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing carrying a glyph or a sequence of glyphs that was recognized in the respective activity of text recognition. Typically, the associated instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is more specifically an instance of TX1 Written Text, however, a text may also be recognized from a mechanical copy, a photograph, squeeze or other form of material copy of a written original, which would not by itself constitute an instance of TX1 Written Text. In the latter case, the material copy should be associated with the original written text using the property ‘P130 shows features’.If the text was actually recognized only from a digital representation, this property should not be used, rather the property TXP13 deciphered via the representation should be used instead.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the relation between an activity of TX6 Transliteration and the identified sequence of graphemes (TX12) represented in an instance of TX1 Written Text.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes information about the style used for the realization of the written text (TX1). The property TXP12.1 has type allows the nature of the style to be specified, for example to record the direction, orientation or the linear system of the text.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition with an instance of E36 Visual Item, capturing the optical impression of an instance of TX1 Written Text by some mechanical method, that was used for recognizing the text without access to the original text and without an explicitly documented material copy or electronic display device that was used for the process.If the text was actually recognized from an autoptic recognition or from a material reproduction, this property may not be used but the property “TXP10 deciphered text (was deciphered by)” should be used instead.This property should also not be used, if the recognition of the text was actually carried out from the original text or a material copy of it together with an auxiliary instance of E36 Visual Item. In this case, the use of the auxiliary material should be documented with the more general property P16 used specific object.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition, carried out only via copies or representations of a text, with the original instance of TX1 Written Text that was represented on the used copies or digital surrogates.This property is to be used only for non-autoptic recognition. If this particular recognition of the text was actually carried out from the original text, the property TXP10 deciphered text should be used for associating the instance of TX5 Text Recognition with the original instance of TX1 Written Text.If some form of material copy of the written text was used for the text recognition, then this material copy should be associated with the original written text using the property ‘P130 shows features of’.
was deciphered via copy or representation
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition with an instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence that was created by this activity of text recognition for recording and representing as faithfully as possible the exact value of each sign on the physical material of the recognized instance of TX1 Written Text.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of TX3 Writing System with one of the instances of the script (TX13) it employs.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence with another instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence appearing at a particular position of the sequence. The property can be also used by an instance of TX11 Grapheme Occurrence (subclass of TX12 Grapheme Sequence) for denoting that a grapheme occurrence has part another grapheme occurrence. Note that a grapheme occurrence may be a symbolic composite containing another grapheme occurrence, such as the minute character “e” on top of the character “u” in former German writing systems denoting the symbol for “ü”.
This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of TX14 Reading with an instance of TX1 Written Text whose linguistic meaning was interpreted/understood through the reading process. It is a shortcut of the fully developed path from TX14 Reading through P9 consists of, TX5 Text Recognition, TXP10 deciphered text, to TX1 Written Text.