CRM Entity
type: Class
notation: E1
comment: This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifierClassification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal propertiesAll other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
subclass of: Thing

Temporal Entity
type: Class
notation: E2
comment: This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
subclass of: CRM Entity

Period
type: Class
notation: E4
comment: This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space.It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods.Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e., an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e., an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.As the actual extent of an instance of E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be c…
subclass of: Temporal Entity
subclass of: Spacetime Volume

Event
type: Class
notation: E5
comment: This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles.While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations.The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event.While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience.Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the si…
subclass of: Period

Activity
type: Class
notation: E7
comment: This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
subclass of: Event

Modification
type: Class
notation: E11
comment: This class comprises instances of E7 Activity that are undertaken to create, alter or change instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.This class includes the production of an item from raw materials and other so far undocumented objects. It also includes the conservation treatment of an object.Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification is regarded as the more generally applicable concept. This implies that some items may be consumed or destroyed in an instance of E11 Modification, and that others may be produced as a result of it. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities.An activity undertaken on an object which was designed to alter it, but which, in fact, it did not in any seemingly significant way (such as the application of a solvent during conservation which failed to dissolve any part of the object), is still considered as an instance of E11 Modification. Typically, any such activity will leave at least forensic traces of evidence on the object.If the instance of E29 Design or Procedure utilized for the modification prescribes the use of specific materials, they should be documented using property P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material of E29 Design or Procedure, rather than via P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material.
subclass of: Activity

Production
type: Class
notation: E12
comment: This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one. This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.
subclass of: Modification
subclass of: Beginning of Existence

Physical Thing
type: Class
notation: E18
comment: This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural.Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by). The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span.
subclass of: Legal Object

Physical Human-Made Thing
type: Class
notation: E24
comment: This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, Human-Made objects, such as a sword, and Human-Made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.Instances of Human-Made thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even Human-Made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation.Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new Human-Made thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as physical Human-Made things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it Human-Made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of a physical Human-Made thing may continue to be non-Human-Made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.
subclass of: Physical Thing
subclass of: Human-Made Thing

Conceptual Object
type: Class
notation: E28
comment: This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.
subclass of: Human-Made Thing

Design or Procedure
type: Class
notation: E29
comment: This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form or contents. In particular, it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in new instances of E71 Human-Made Thing or for shaping or guiding the execution of an instance of E7 Activity.Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others.This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with): E29 Design or Procedure.Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the followingA schema for the activities it describesA schema of the products that result from their application.An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s famous plans for flying machines.Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CIDOC CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.
subclass of: Information Object

Dimension
type: Class
notation: E54
comment: This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e., by points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc.An instance of E54 Dimension represents the empirical or theoretically derived quantity, including the precision tolerances resulting from the particular method or calculation. The identity of an instance of E54 Dimension depends on the method of its determination because each method may produce different values even when determining comparable qualities. For instance, the wingspan of a bird alive or dead is a different dimension. Thermoluninescence dating and Rehydroxylation [RHX] dating are different dimensions of temporal distance from now, even if they aim at dating the same object. The method of determination should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). Note that simple terms such as “diameter” or “length” are normally insufficient to unambiguously describe a respective dimension. In contrast, “maximum linear extent” may be sufficient.The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of instances of E54 Dimension adequate to the precision of the applied method of determination. If the respective quantity belongs to a non-discrete space according to the laws of physics, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that comparability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions.Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional …
subclass of: CRM Entity

Type
type: Class
notation: E55
comment: This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes. E55 Type is the CIDOC CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e., instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
subclass of: Conceptual Object

Language
type: Class
notation: E56
comment: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e., the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g.: “instances of Mandarin Chinese”.It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639-2:1998 and later versions.
subclass of: Type

Primitive Value
type: Class
notation: E59
comment: This class comprises values of primitive data types of programming languages or database management systems and data types composed of such values used as documentation elements, as well as their mathematical abstractions. The instances of E59 Primitive Value and its subclasses are not considered elements of the universe of discourse the CIDOC CRM aims to define and analyse. Rather, they play the role of a symbolic interface between the scope of the model and the world of mathematical and computational manipulations and the symbolic objects they define and handle. In particular, they comprise lexical forms encoded as "strings" or series of characters and symbols based on encoding schemes (characterised by being a limited subset of the respective mathematical abstractions) such as UNICODE and values of datatypes that can be encoded in a lexical form, including quantitative specifications of time-spans and geometry. They have in common that instances of E59 Primitive Value define themselves by virtue of their encoded value, regardless of the nature of their mathematical abstractions. Therefore, in an implementation, instances of E59 Primitive should be represented directly in the encoded symbolic form supported by the respective platform, such as a character string or a formatted date. They must not be represented in an implementation indirectly via, another a universal resource identifier, which in turn is linked to the actual encoded symbolic form. In a concrete application, it is recommended that the primitive value system from a chosen implementation platform and/or data definition language be used to substitute for this class and its subclasses.
subclass of: CRM Entity

String
type: Class
notation: E62
comment: This class comprises coherent sequences of binary-encoded symbols. They correspond to the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic object. Instances of E62 String represent only the symbol sequence itself. They may or may not contain a language code. In contrast, instances of other subclasses of E59 Primitive value represent entities in mathematical spaces other than that of symbol sequences, by using binary-encoded symbols, such as date expressions or numbers in decimal encoding. For instance, different syntactic forms of a date expression may represent the same date but consist of different strings.
subclass of: Primitive Value

Beginning of Existence
type: Class
notation: E63
comment: This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a “terminus post quem” or “terminus ante quem”.
subclass of: Event

Creation
type: Class
notation: E65
comment: This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
subclass of: Activity
subclass of: Beginning of Existence

Thing
type: Class
notation: E70
comment: This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
subclass of: Persistent Item

Human-Made Thing
type: Class
notation: E71
comment: This class comprises discrete, identifiable human-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or human-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.
subclass of: Thing

Legal Object
type: Class
notation: E72
comment: This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is true for all instances of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of an instance of E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CIDOC CRM.
subclass of: Thing

Information Object
type: Class
notation: E73
comment: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a "named graph" also falls under this class, so that each "named graph" is an instance of E73 Information Object.An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.
subclass of: Propositional Object
subclass of: Symbolic Object

Persistent Item
type: Class
notation: E77
comment: This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names. Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or disappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics used should be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time. The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described or referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to ex…
subclass of: CRM Entity

Propositional Object
type: Class
notation: E89
comment: This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
subclass of: Conceptual Object

Symbolic Object
type: Class
notation: E90
comment: This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units.It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string.In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g., "bit", "Latin character", RGB pixel).
subclass of: Conceptual Object
subclass of: Legal Object

Spacetime Volume
type: Class
notation: E92
comment: This class comprises 4-dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime (in contrast to mathematical models of it) regardless their true geometric forms. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place and E52 Time-Span are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is its projection on time.
subclass of: CRM Entity

Work
type: Class
notation: F1
comment: This class comprises distinct intellectual ideas conveyed in artistic and intellectual creations, such a poems, stories or musical compositions. A Work is the outcome of an intellectual process of one or more persons. Inherent to the notion of work is the existence of recognisable realizations of the work in the form of one or more expressions. Works are often regarded as finished and discrete e.g. when declared as such by the creator of the work or based on the elaboration or logical coherence of its content. However, works may be recognized as existing but unfinished e.g. if the creators deliberately or accidentally never explicitly finished a particular Expression but have left behind partial expressions. In the absence of explicit information about the initial conception, which is rarely available, the first expression created constitutes witness of the beginning of existence of a Work. A Work can evolve over time, such as through revised editions. A Work may be elaborated by one or more Actors simultaneously, in parallel, or over time. Additional expressions of a Work can continue to be created over time. The boundaries of a Work have nothing to do with the value of the intellectual achievement but only with the dominance of a concept. The main purpose of this class is to enable bringing together intellectually equivalent Expressions in order to display to a user all available alternatives of the same intellectual or artistic content.
subclass of: Propositional Object

Expression
type: Class
notation: F2
comment: This class comprises the intellectual or artistic realisations of Works in the form of identifiable immaterial objects, such as texts, poems, jokes, musical or choreographic notations, movement pattern, sound pattern, images, multimedia objects, or any combination of such forms. The substance of F2 Expression is signs.An Expression is the outcome of the intellectual or creative process of realizing a Work. Subsequent expressions conveying the same work may be created over time.Expressions do not depend on a specific physical carrier and can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. As far as bibliographic practice is concerned, only instances of F2 Expression that are externalised on physical carriers other than both the creator’s brain and an auditor’s brain are taken into account.The form of F2 Expression is an inherent characteristic of the F2 Expression. Differences in form imply different Expressions (e.g., from text to spoken word, a transcript of a recording). Similarly, differences in language or means of performance imply different Expressions (e.g., translations or arrangements for different instruments). Thus, if a text is revised or modified, the result is considered to be a new F2 Expression. While theoretically any change in signs will result in a new Expression, conventionally the context and use will determine the rules for distinguishing among expressions.An instance of F2 Expression which includes spoken or written text may be multiply instantiated as an instance of E33 Linguistic Object. This allows for the association of the E56 Language of the text with the instance of F2 Expression by using the property P72 has language (is language of).
subclass of: Information Object

Manifestation
type: Class
notation: F3
comment: This class comprises products rendering one or more Expressions. A Manifestation is defined by both the overall content and the form of its presentation. The substance of F3 Manifestation is not only signs, but also the manner in which they are presented to be consumed by users, including the kind of media adopted.An F3 Manifestation is the outcome of a publication process where one or more F2 Expressions are prepared for public dissemination, but it may also be a unique form created directly on some material carrier without the intent of being formally published.An instance of F3 Manifestation typically incorporates one or more instances of F2 Expression representing a distinct logical content and all additional input by a publisher such as text layout and cover design. Additionally an F3 Manifestation can be identified by the physical features for the medium of distribution, if applicable. For example, publications in the form of hard-cover and paperback editions would be two distinct instances of F3 Manifestation, even though authorial and editorial content are otherwise identical in both publications.In the case of industrial products such as printed books or music CDs, but also digital material, an instance of F3 Manifestation can be regarded as the prototype for all copies of it. In these cases, an instance of F3 Manifestation specifies all of the features or traits that instances of F5 Item display in order to be copies of a particular publication. In the case of industrial products, instances of F3 Manifestation are also instances of E99 Product Type, normally nowadays identified by characteristic identifiers such as ISBN numbers.
subclass of: Information Object

Item
type: Class
notation: F5
comment: This class comprises physical objects (printed books, scores, CDs, DVDs, CD-ROMS, etc.) that were produced by (P186i) an industrial process involving a given instance of F3 Manifestation. As a result, all the instances of F5 Item associated with a given instance of F3 Manifestation are expected to carry the content defined in that instance of F3 Manifestation, although some or even all of them may happen to carry a content that significantly differs from it, due to either an accident in the course of industrial production, or subsequent physical modification or degradation.An instance of F5 Item that consists of a physical object or set of objects with clear physical boundaries is also an instance of E22 Human-Made Object. An instance of F5 Item that is stored on a part of a larger physical support (such as an electronic file among others on a disc) can also be considered to be an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature.The notion of F5 Item is only relevant with regard to the production process, from a bibliographic point of view. The physical units managed by cultural heritage institutions in their holdings are a distinct notion: a unit of holdings certainly can be equal to an instance of F5 Item, but it also can be either “bigger” than one (e.g., when two instances of F5 Item are bound together (in the case of printed books)), or “smaller” than one (e.g., for incomplete holdings, such as when only one CD from a two-CD set is held). From an operational point of view, cultural heritage institutions typically do not manage instances of F5 Item, but physical holdings units, instances of E19 Physical Object, although for libraries in most cases this is not significant because each item corresponds with a single unit. When this is not the case, the linkage between items and the units relevant for collection management can be recorded through the P46 is composed of (forms part of) property between instances of F5 Item and instances of E19 Physical Object. If needed, an insta…
subclass of: Physical Human-Made Thing

Corporate Body
type: Class
notation: F11
comment: This class comprises organisations and groups of two or more people and/or organisations acting as a unit.To be considered an instance of F11 Corporate Body a gathering of people needs to bear a name and exhibit organisational characteristics sufficient to allow the body as a whole to participate in the creation, modification or production of an E73 Information Object. Groups such as conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, fairs, etc. are modelled as F11 Corporate Bodies when they are named and can take collective action, such as approving a report or publishing their proceedings.
subclass of: Collective Agent

Nomen
type: Class
notation: F12
comment: This class comprises associations between an instance of any class, and signs or arrangements of signs that are used to refer to and identify that instance.Signs include alphanumeric characters, ideograms, notations such as chemical structure symbols, sound symbols, etc. The scripts or type sets for the symbols used to compose an instance of F12 Nomen have to be sufficiently specified. Spelling variants are regarded as different nomens, whereas the use of different fonts (visual representation variants) or different digital encodings do not change the identity.An arbitrary combination of signs or symbols cannot be regarded as an appellation or designation until it is associated with something in some context. In that sense, the F12 Nomen class can be understood as the reification of a relationship between an instance of E1 CRM Entity and an instance of E41 Appellation. Two instances of F12 Nomen can happen to be associated with equivalent strings and yet remain distinct, as long as they refer to distinct instances of E1 CRM Entity. Furthermore, two instances of F12 Nomen referring to the same instance of E1 CRM Entity may be associated with equivalent strings, and remain distinct as long as they are associated with distinct properties of the F12 Nomen class (for example, having the same spelling in different languages, or being defined in different controlled vocabularies).An instance of F12 Nomen associates a combination of signs with an instance of E1 CRM Entity on the basis of a cultural or linguistic convention: by associating a string with anything, the instance of F12 Nomen establishes a meaning that is not inherent in the instance of E62 String that is associated with it. Depending on context of use, nomens associated with equivalent strings can be associated with instances of different things in the real world even within the same language (polysemy and homonymy). Conversely, the same thing can be referred to through any number of nomens (synonymy). In the c…
subclass of: Propositional Object

Serial Work
type: Class
notation: F18
comment: This class comprises works that are, or have been, planned to result in sequences of Expressions or Manifestations with common features. Whereas a work can acquire new members during the time it evolves, Expressions and Manifestations are identified with a certain state achieved at a particular point in time. Therefore there is in general no single Expression or Manifestation representing a complete serial work, unless the serial work has ended. Serial Works may or may not have a plan for an overall expression. The retrospective reprinting of all issues of a Serial Work at once, in the form of a monograph, is regarded to be another member of the F1 Work, which contains the Serial Work and the Work realised in the monograph. This does not make the monograph part of the Serial Work.
subclass of: Work

Work Creation
type: Class
notation: F27
comment: This class comprises activities by which instances of F1 Work come into existence. An instance of F27 Work Creation can serve to document the period a work was coming into existence and the circumstances of it, when these are known.An instance of F27 Work Creation marks the initial creation of an instance of F1 Work through expressions or other externalisations that are sufficiently elaborated so that the characteristic conceptual identity of the work could be recognized as existing.In many cases this will coincide with the first known complete externalisation of an expression of the work. In other cases, the initial creation of an instance of F1 Work may be inferred from multiple, or later, expressions or other forms of evidence. For instance, commissioning of a work may explicitly be agreed on after the presentation of an already complete and detailed elaboration of the work that was not made public. Performances may be prior to written expressions, as in the case of Shakespeare’s works.The work, as an intellectual construction, may evolve from its initial creation onwards, until the last known expression of it.An instance of E39 Actor with which a work is associated through the chain of properties F1 Work. R16i was created by: F27 Work Creation. P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor corresponds to the notion of the “creator” of the work.In the situation where an expression of one instance of F1 Work serves as source material for the creation of the first expression of a new instance of F1 Work, the direct relationship between the works is indicated using the property R2 is derivative of (has derivative) between the two instances of F1 Work. The link to the specific source expression is indicated with the property P16 used specific object (was used for) using the path: F1 Work(1). R3 is realised in: F2 Expression(1). P16i was used for: F27 Work Creation. R16 created: F1 Work(2).
subclass of: Creation

Expression Creation
type: Class
notation: F28
comment: This class comprises activities that result in instances of F2 Expression coming into existence. An instance of F2 Expression is considered to be created when it is captured on a carrier other than the creator’s brain.Although F2 Expression is an abstract entity, a conceptual object, the creation of an expression inevitably also affects the physical world: when you scribble the first draft of a poem on a sheet of paper, you produce an instance of F3 Manifestation and an instance of F5 Item. F28 Expression Creation is a subclass of E12 Production because the recording of the expression causes a physical modification of the E18 Physical Thing that serves as the carrier. The creation of an instance of F2 Expression coincides with the creation of the first instance of F3 Manifestation that R4 embodies (is embodied in) this instance of F2 Expression.The P2 has type (is type of) property can be used to specify the type of the instance of F28 Expression Creation (i.e., activities such as translating, revising, or arranging music are types of creation process). The type of the process is distinct from the type of result even though the typology frequently used for instances of the resulting F2 Expressions may imply the category of the instance of the F28 Expression Creation.An instance of F28 Expression Creation may use as source material one or more specific instances of F2 Expression. When the source expression is documented this is also expressed by the property R76 is derivative of (has derivative).
subclass of: Production
subclass of: Creation

Manifestation Creation
type: Class
notation: F30
comment: This class comprises the activities of selecting, arranging and presenting one or more instances of F2 Expression on a carrier or other persistent presentation means with the purpose of communicating it to some public. It includes the specification of the presentation as to sensory impression (such as visual appearance or audio rendition).
subclass of: Production
subclass of: Creation

Performance
type: Class
notation: F31
comment: This class comprises activities where an instance of F1 Work is presented or communicated directly or indirectly to an audience, such as a theatrical play, a musical work or a choreographic work.Performances can be identified at various levels of granularity, but an instance of F31 Performance is always associated with a single identified instance of F1 Work. An instance of F31 Performance may consist of other instances of F31 Performance as parts, such as a piano concerto that has multiple movements. In addition, a complete run of equivalent performances of the same work can also be seen as an instance of F31 Performance, with the individual performances as parts.Activities that include performing multiple individual works, e.g., that are put together as a program for a show or concert, but where the activity as a whole is not associated with an instance of F1 Work, should be represented as instances of E7 Activity consisting of individual instances of F31 Performances as parts (the property P9 consists of (forms part of) expresses the relationship).Instances of F31 Performance may be created according to specific staging directions, be based on specific known instances of F2 Expression (such as translations), or be influenced by or include elements that relate to different works other than the single work the performance is dominated by. This can be documented using the properties P16 used specific object (was used for) or P15 was influenced by (influenced).
subclass of: Activity

Item Production Event
type: Class
notation: F32
comment: This class comprises activities that result in one or more instances of F5 Item coming into existence. The production of a series of physical objects (printed books, scores, CDs, DVDs, CD-ROMs, etc.), producing a unique item (writing a manuscript on parchment, painting a watercolour, etc.), and the creation of a new copy of a file on an electronic carrier are all regarded as instances of F32 Item Production Event. For mass-produced items, the production process (no matter whether it is a book, a sound recording, a DVD, a cartographic resource, etc.) strives to produce items all as similar as possible to a prototype that displays all the features that all the copies of the publication should also display, which is reflected in the property R27 materialized: F3 Manifestation.
subclass of: Production

Reproduction Event
type: Class
notation: F33
comment: This class comprises activities that consist in producing items of a new instance of F3 Manifestation that preserve both the content and layout found on items of a pre-existing instance of F3 Manifestation. The individual instance or instances of F5 Item that was or were used as a source for this process may be precisely identified or not. Such activities result in products known as facsimiles, reproductions, reprints, reissues, or new releases.
subclass of: Production
subclass of: Manifestation Creation

Script Conversion
type: Class
notation: F36
comment: This class comprises rule sets for converting signs or arrangements of signs from one script or type set to another.
subclass of: Design or Procedure

Family
type: Class
notation: F39
comment: This class comprises groups of two or more persons presented as a family and justified by relationships of birth, marriage, adoption, civil union, or similar social or legal status and an assumed common tradition, including examples such as royal families, dynasties, houses of nobility, etc.
subclass of: Collective Agent

Collective Agent
type: Class
notation: F55
comment: This class comprises recognizable groups or organizations of persons that have the potential of acting as a unit to produce some intentional result of bibliographic interest for which they can be collectively considered responsible.A group of people becomes an instance of F55 Collective Agent when it identifies itself by a name that identifies it within an appropriate context and exhibits sufficient organizational characteristics to permit it to perform actions that reflect agency. Groups that are constituted as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, festivals, fairs, etc. are examples of F55 Collective Agent as long as they self-identify by a specific name, rather than being referred to by a generic description of the gathering, and can act as a unit (such as by publishing their proceedings, or approving a report). These collective actions may be performed by representatives selected by the whole, rather than by all individual members acting together.Collective Agents may be members of other Collective Agents, although directly or indirectly all Collective Agents are composed of persons. The membership of many types of Collective Agents will continue to evolve over time. A Collective Agent may continue to exist even if it has no members for a time (for example, a committee whose members all resign prior to the expiration of their terms but then a new complement of members is appointed).Instances of F55 Collective Agent include instances of its subclass F11 Corporate Body: commercial or corporate entities and other legally registered bodies, as well as organizations and associations, musical, artistic or performing groups, governments, and any of their sub-units.Married couples and other concepts of family (instances of F39 Family) are instances of a subclass of F55 Collective Agent.In the wider sense, this class also comprises holders of official positions viewed collectively, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a coun…

Thing
type: Class
notation: Thing
comment: The class of OWL individuals.

has type
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Type
comment: This property allows sub typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type.
domain:
  ressource: CRM Entity

has note
type: Property
range:
  ressource: String
comment: This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CIDOC CRM constructs. In particular, it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance etc.Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CIDOC CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CIDOC CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g., “construction”, “decoration” etc. An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item.
domain:
  ressource: CRM Entity

used specific object
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Thing
comment: This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity. This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer.Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.
domain:
  ressource: Activity

has dimension
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Dimension
comment: This property records an instance of E54 Dimension of some instance of E70 Thing.In the case that the recorded property is a result of a measurement of an instance of E18 Physical Thing, this property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P39i was measured by, E16 Measurement, P40 observed dimension to E54 Dimension. It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom. Knowledge about an instance of E54 Dimension need not be the result of a measurement; it may be the result of evaluating data or other information, which should be documented as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing.
domain:
  ressource: Thing

refers to
type: Property
range:
  ressource: CRM Entity
comment: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.
domain:
  ressource: Propositional Object

has created
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Conceptual Object
comment: This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
domain:
  ressource: Creation

is composed of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Symbolic Object
comment: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.This property is transitive asymmetric.
domain:
  ressource: Symbolic Object

has produced
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Physical Human-Made Thing
comment: This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production.The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
domain:
  ressource: Production

carries
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Symbolic Object
comment: This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.
domain:
  ressource: Physical Thing
sub property of: shows features of

shows features of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Thing
comment: This property generalises the notions of "copy of" and "similar to" into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns.The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”. If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e., that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc.This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Thing

has component
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Propositional Object
comment: This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.
domain:
  ressource: Propositional Object

incorporates
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Symbolic Object
comment: This property associates an instance of E73 Information Object with an instance of E90 Symbolic Object (or any of its subclasses) that was included in it.This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated signs, which were created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many instances of E73 Information Object, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental whole-part relationships between conceptual entities.It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poem in an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of a painting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence of lyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie based on that play, etc.In particular, this property allows for modelling relationships of different levels of symbolic specificity, such as the natural language words making up a particular text, the characters making up the words and punctuation, the choice of fonts and page layout for the characters.When restricted to information objects, that is, seen as a property with E73 Information Object as domain and range the property is transitive.A digital photograph of a manuscript page incorporates the text of a manuscript page, if the respective text is defined as a sequence of symbols of a particular type, such as Latin characters, and the resolution and quality of the digital image is sufficient to resolve these symbols so they are readable on the digital image.This property is asymmetric.
domain:
  ressource: Information Object
sub property of: is composed of

is logical successor of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property associates an instance of F1 Work which logically continues the content of another instance of F1 Work with the latter. This property is not transitive. It is asymmetric and irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: shows features of

is derivative of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property associates an instance of F1 Work which modifies the content of another instance of F1 Work with the latter. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive. The inverse of this property is equivalent to the developed path: F1 Work(1). R3 is realised in: F2 Expression(1). P16i was used for: F28 Expression Creation. R17 created: F2 Expression(2). R3i realises: F1 Work(2). That is, F1 Work(1). R2i has derivative: F1 Work (2), without needing to specify the specific expressions involved in the derivation. The property R2.1 has type of this property allows for specifying the kind of derivation, such as adaptation, summarisation, etc.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: is inspired by

is realised in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with an instance of F1 Work. This property expresses the association that exists between an expression and the work that this expression conveys. Our factual knowledge of how a given work is historically realised into expressions is often limited. Therefore, this property makes it possible to express the association between an instance of F2 Expression and the instance of F1 Work it conveys without identifying the particular instances of F2 Expression that were part of a chain of derivation from the source.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: shows features of

embodies
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with one or more instances of F2 Expression which are rendered by this instance of F3 Manifestation. The manifestation formats the expression(s) in the way they are to be presented to some public, including specifying the intended sensory impression (such as visual appearance or audio rendition).
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation
sub property of: incorporates

has component
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property associates an instance of an F2 Expression X with a structural component Y that conveys a part of the overall work realized by X, such as volumes, chapters, or sections. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive. Any part of an expression that conveys complete propositions, such as a single phrase, can be documented using the more general property P148 has component (is component of). Any part of an expression that does not completely follow meaningful boundaries, such as lines or pages of text or portions visible on images, can be documented using the property P106 is composed of (forms part of), and not with R5 has component (is component of). Fragments, in particular, can be documented with the more specific property R15 has fragment (is fragment of). This property does not cover the relationship that exists between expressions that are realisations of different works, where one is re-used in a new, larger expression. Such a relationship is modelled by R75 incorporates (is incorporated in).
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: has component

exemplifies
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with an instance of F5 Item that is one of its exemplars or its only exemplar. Instances of F5 Item correspond to the kinds of physical unit(s) specified in the manifestation, regardless of possible later changes. Even though an item may exhibit defects with respect to the intended manifestation, it is still regarded to carry the manifestation, as long as it is produced or made accessible as a functional item by its creators.
domain:
  ressource: Item
sub property of: carries

combines
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Nomen
comment: This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with another instance of F12 Nomen where the string of the domain instance of F12 Nomen includes the complete symbolic content of the string of the range instance of F12 Nomen. This property is not transitive. It is asymmetric and irreflexive. Shortcut of: F12 Nomen (1). R33 has string: E62 String (1). P190i is symbolic content of: E90 Symbolic Object (1): P106 is composed of: E90 Symbolic Object (2). P190 has symbolic content: E62 String (2). R33i is string of: F12 Nomen (2)
domain:
  ressource: Nomen

is member of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Conceptual Object
comment: This property associates an instance of F1 Work with an instance of E28 Conceptual Object that represents a generalization of the work. The property can be used to group variant, alternative or related works that are considered to share a common concept. Whereas instances of F1 Work are always realised in instances of F2 Expression, there is no particular expression that fully conveys the instance of Conceptual Object that a work may be a member of. Intended usage of the property includes what is discussed as “superwork” in the library community. Typical examples are novels that can be grouped by fictional universes or common characters, paintings or graphical works that exist as a family of alternatives, musical compositions that are referred to as the same although they exist as particular versions that are each identified as an individual work. The instance of E28 Conceptual Object that has works as members will often be constructed for a specific purpose, such as bibliographic organization or retrieval.
domain:
  ressource: Work

has issuing rule
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Design or Procedure
comment: This property associates an instance of F18 Serial Work with the instance of E29 Design or Procedure that specifies the issuing policy planned by this instance of F18 Serial Work, such as sequencing pattern, expected frequency and expected regularity. Shortcut of: F18 Serial Work. R19i was realised through: F30 Manifestation Creation. P16 used specific object (was used for): E29 Design or Procedure
domain:
  ressource: Serial Work

has fragment
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Symbolic Object
comment: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with an instance of F2 Expression of which it is a fragment. The fragment is not itself an instance of F2 Expression as it does not express any instance of F1 Work. When the fragment consists of intelligible words it is an instance of E33 Linguistic Object.An instance of E90 Symbolic Object is only considered a fragment of an instance of F2 Expression when related to its occurrence in a known or assumed whole by the R15 has fragment (is fragment of) property. The size of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object ranges from more than 99% of an instance of F2 Expression to tiny bits (a few words from a text, one bar from a musical composition, one detail from a still image, a two-second clip from a video, etc.).An instance of E90 Symbolic Object can become a fragment of an instance of F2 Expression through the deterioration over time of a carrier of the expression, such as when only fragments of a manuscript of an ancient text survive. Typically instances of E90 Symbolic Object that are of interest as fragments of expressions are formed deliberately, such as when excerpts are taken from a text by the compiler of a collection of excerpts, or citations from one expression are used in another text.
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: is composed of

created
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property associates the initial creation of a work and the instance of F1 Work that was created.
domain:
  ressource: Work Creation
sub property of: has created

created
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property associates an instance of F2 Expression that was externalised during a particular instance of F28 Expression Creation event with that particular creation event. An instance of expression creation creates an instance of expression and also creates any expressions that are parts of that expression.
domain:
  ressource: Expression Creation
sub property of: has created

created a realisation of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property associates an instance of F28 Expression Creation with the instance of F1 Work which was externalised in an instance of F2 Expression created by this creation event.
domain:
  ressource: Expression Creation
sub property of: used specific object

created
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property associates the instance of F3 Manifestation that was created during a particular instance of F30 Manifestation Creation with that instance of F30 Manifestation Creation event.
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation Creation
sub property of: has created

materialized
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property associates an instance of F32 Item Production Event with the set of signs provided by the publisher to be carried by all of the produced items (i.e., the instances of F5 Item) and any other physical features foreseen as integral to the instance of F3 Manifestation that is materialised.
domain:
  ressource: Item Production Event
sub property of: used specific object

produced
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Item
comment: This property associates an instance of F32 Item Production Event with any one of the produced items (i.e., the instances of F5 Item).
domain:
  ressource: Item Production Event
sub property of: has produced

reproduced object
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Item
comment: This property associates an instance of F33 Reproduction Event with an instance of F5 Item it reproduces.
domain:
  ressource: Reproduction Event
sub property of: used specific object

reproduced publication
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property associates an instance of F33 Reproduction Event with an instance of F3 Manifestation it reproduces.
domain:
  ressource: Reproduction Event
sub property of: used specific object

has string
type: Property
range:
  ressource: String
comment: This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with a sign or arrangement of signs that is used to refer to something through that instance of F12 Nomen.
domain:
  ressource: Nomen
sub property of: has note

is specified by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with an instance of F2 Expression which documents, defines or provides evidence for the particular nomen in the stated sense.
domain:
  ressource: Nomen
sub property of: refers to

uses script conversion
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Script Conversion
comment: This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with an instance of F36 Script Conversion that is used to create the E62 String used in that instance of F12 Nomen from the string used in another instance of F12 Nomen that co-refers with the first nomen (the instances of F12 Nomen are related via the R56 has related form (is related form of) property). The source of this conversion may or may not be explicitly mentioned. Shortcut of:F12 Nomen. R17i was created by (created): E65 Creation. P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure
domain:
  ressource: Nomen

has language
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Language
comment: This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with an instance of E56 Language which is the language used for or associated with the nomen.
domain:
  ressource: Nomen
sub property of: has type

has related form
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Nomen
comment: This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with another instance of F12 Nomen which co-refers to the same instance of E1 CRM Entity. This property is not transitive. It is symmetric and irreflexive. The property R56.1 has type allows for specifying the particular kind of relationship that holds between the domain nomen and the range nomen, such as by being a derivation, an alternative, a lexical variant, etc. Typing the association may cause loss of symmetry. Shortcut of:E89 Propositional Object (1). P67 refers to: E1 CRM Entity. P67i is referred to by: E89 Propositional Object (2)
domain:
  ressource: Nomen

has part
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property associates an instance of F1 Work with another instance of F1 Work that forms part of it in a complementary role to other sibling parts, conceived at some point in time to form together a logical whole, such as the parts of a trilogy. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: has component

is inspired by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property associates an instance of F1 Work with another instance of F1 Work whose content was inspired by that instance of F1 Work. The content of the range work instance served in some way as a source of ideas for the domain work instance. Neither instance of F1 Work may be a part of the other. This property is not transitive. It is irreflexive. Shortcut of: F1 Work (2). R16i was created by: F27 Work Creation. P15 was influenced by: F1 Work (1)
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: shows features of

has physical form
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Type
comment: This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with an instance of E55 Type describing the kind of physical form that characterizes instances of F5 Item carrying this F3 Manifestation.In the case of instances of manifestations intended to be rendered by mediation (such as with electronic devices), the form also indicates the kind of equipment and software tools necessary.
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation
sub property of: has type

has dimension
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Dimension
comment: This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with an instance of E54 Dimension that describes aspects of its symbolic content, such as word counts, or describes the kind of physical form that characterizes instances of F5 Item carrying this F3 Manifestation, such as number of pages. This inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation. R7i is exemplified by: F5 Item. P43 has dimension (is dimension of): E54 Dimension. It can happen that a given item, or subset of items, originally produced, or intended to be produced, with a certain value for a particular kind of dimension, has a different value for this kind of dimension by accident. This fact should be recorded as a property of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation.
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation
sub property of: has dimension

has part
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with a structural part of it that is itself an instance of F3 Manifestation. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation
sub property of: has component

takes representative attribute from
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property associates an instance of F1 Work with instances of F2 Expression that bear attributes which are used to characterize the work. The instance of F2 Expression in question must be one that realizes that instance of F1 Work. An instance of F2 Expression may or may not serve as source of representative expression attributes for its associated instance of F1 Work. If it does, it may provide one attribute or many. Only one or more than one of the instances of F2 Expression associated with an instance of F1 Work may provide attributes that characterize that instance of F1 Work. The representative expression attributes can all come from the same expression or from more than one expressions.
domain:
  ressource: Work

uses expression of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property associates an instance of F1 Work with another instance of F1 Work where all expressions of the former will include some expression of the latter. This property is not transitive. It is irreflexive. This property represents the generalized relationship between works that is described at the expression level using R75 incorporates (is incorporated in).
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: shows features of

incorporates
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with an instance of F2 Expression that is an integral part of the first, but where the latter realises a different instance of F1 Work from the first. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: incorporates

is derivative of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with another instance of F2 Expression which was its source or one of its sources. This property is not transitive. It is asymmetric and irreflexive. This property is also a shortcut of the fully developed path: F2 Expression (1). P16i was used for: F28 Expression Creation. R17 created: F2 Expression (2). The property R76.1 has type of this property allows for specifying the kind of derivation, such as translation, revision, etc.
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: shows features of

accompanies or complements
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property associates one instance of F1 Work with another instance of F1 Work which is intended to accompany it or to function as a complement for it. This property is neither transitive nor intransitive. It is generally not symmetric and it is irreflexive. In many but not all cases, one of the instances of F1 Work is primary and can be used without the other work, while the other is secondary and depends on the first work (such as a work that is a concordance for another work). In some cases a work may have been created to accompany or complement a specific expression of another work. The link to the source expression can be indicated using the property P16 used specific object (was used for) using the path: F1 Work(1). R3 is realised in: F2 Expression(1). P16i was used for: F27 Work Creation. R16 created: F1 Work(2). Shortcut of: F1 Work. P19i was made for: E7 Activity. P19 was intended use of: F1 Work
domain:
  ressource: Work

has alternate
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property associates one instance of F3 Manifestation with another instance of F3 Manifestation that exemplifies the same instance of F2 Expression, when the two instances of F3 Manifestation can be used as alternatives for each other in particular use cases. This property is transitive and symmetric. It is irreflexive.The alternative manifestations may be in the same physical form, for example, simultaneous publications in different markets. More frequently, the alternative relationship is established when the alternative manifestations are in different physical forms, designed to enable use of the same content with different playback equipment (such as a DVD and Blu-ray disc version of the same videorecording).
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation

has representative expression attribute
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Type
comment: This property associates an instance of F1 Work with an instance of E55 Type that describes a category of attribute that is considered essential in characterizing instances of F1 Work. The types of interest will vary depending on the kind of work. The value of the attribute is considered representative of the instance of F1 Work. It is normally inferred from the values attributed to instances of F2 Expression that realize the work and that are considered canonical or best representative of the work. The values may also be assigned from characteristics abstracted from a more or less nebulous network of similar expressions. There is no requirement to precisely identify one or more expressions which serve as sources for the values of the types serving as representative expression attributes; however, if this is known, an instance of F2 Expression considered representative of an F1 Work may be related to the instance of F1 Work using the R73 takes representative attribute from (bears representative attribute for) property.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: has type

performed
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property associates an instance of F31 Performance with an instance of F1 Work. The property is used to express the association between an instance of F31 Performance and the instance of F1 Work it conveys.
domain:
  ressource: Performance
sub property of: shows features of

recorded
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Performance
comment: This property associates an instance of F28 Expression Creation with an instance of F31 Performance that it records.This property allows for the documentation of the association that exists between the outcome of an instance of F28 Expression Creation such as a performance recording, and the instance of F31 Performance that it is a recording of. For documenting performances that are more integral and planned parts of an expression creation (such as the recording of a performance solely done for the purpose of audio or video productions), the use of the property P9 consist of (forms part of) is more specific (and appropriate).
domain:
  ressource: Expression Creation

is type of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: CRM Entity
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property allows sub typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type.
domain:
  ressource: Type

[NO_INVERSE_LABEL_FOUND]
type: Property
range:
  ressource: CRM Entity
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CIDOC CRM constructs. In particular, it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance etc.Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CIDOC CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CIDOC CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g., “construction”, “decoration” etc. An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item.
domain:
  ressource: String

was used for
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Activity
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity. This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer.Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.
domain:
  ressource: Thing

is dimension of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Thing
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property records an instance of E54 Dimension of some instance of E70 Thing.In the case that the recorded property is a result of a measurement of an instance of E18 Physical Thing, this property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P39i was measured by, E16 Measurement, P40 observed dimension to E54 Dimension. It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom. Knowledge about an instance of E54 Dimension need not be the result of a measurement; it may be the result of evaluating data or other information, which should be documented as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing.
domain:
  ressource: Dimension

is referred to by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Propositional Object
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.
domain:
  ressource: CRM Entity

was created by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Creation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
domain:
  ressource: Conceptual Object

forms part of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Symbolic Object
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.This property is transitive asymmetric.
domain:
  ressource: Symbolic Object

was produced by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Production
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production.The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
domain:
  ressource: Physical Human-Made Thing

is carried by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Physical Thing
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.
domain:
  ressource: Symbolic Object
sub property of: features are also found on

features are also found on
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Thing
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property generalises the notions of "copy of" and "similar to" into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns.The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”. If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e., that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc.This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Thing

is component of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Propositional Object
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.
domain:
  ressource: Propositional Object

is incorporated in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Information Object
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E73 Information Object with an instance of E90 Symbolic Object (or any of its subclasses) that was included in it.This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated signs, which were created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many instances of E73 Information Object, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental whole-part relationships between conceptual entities.It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poem in an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of a painting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence of lyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie based on that play, etc.In particular, this property allows for modelling relationships of different levels of symbolic specificity, such as the natural language words making up a particular text, the characters making up the words and punctuation, the choice of fonts and page layout for the characters.When restricted to information objects, that is, seen as a property with E73 Information Object as domain and range the property is transitive.A digital photograph of a manuscript page incorporates the text of a manuscript page, if the respective text is defined as a sequence of symbols of a particular type, such as Latin characters, and the resolution and quality of the digital image is sufficient to resolve these symbols so they are readable on the digital image.This property is asymmetric.
domain:
  ressource: Symbolic Object
sub property of: forms part of

has successor
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F1 Work which logically continues the content of another instance of F1 Work with the latter. This property is not transitive. It is asymmetric and irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: features are also found on

has derivative
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F1 Work which modifies the content of another instance of F1 Work with the latter. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive. The inverse of this property is equivalent to the developed path: F1 Work(1). R3 is realised in: F2 Expression(1). P16i was used for: F28 Expression Creation. R17 created: F2 Expression(2). R3i realises: F1 Work(2). That is, F1 Work(1). R2i has derivative: F1 Work (2), without needing to specify the specific expressions involved in the derivation. The property R2.1 has type of this property allows for specifying the kind of derivation, such as adaptation, summarisation, etc.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: is inspiration for

realises
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with an instance of F1 Work. This property expresses the association that exists between an expression and the work that this expression conveys. Our factual knowledge of how a given work is historically realised into expressions is often limited. Therefore, this property makes it possible to express the association between an instance of F2 Expression and the instance of F1 Work it conveys without identifying the particular instances of F2 Expression that were part of a chain of derivation from the source.
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: features are also found on

is embodied in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with one or more instances of F2 Expression which are rendered by this instance of F3 Manifestation. The manifestation formats the expression(s) in the way they are to be presented to some public, including specifying the intended sensory impression (such as visual appearance or audio rendition).
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: is incorporated in

is component of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of an F2 Expression X with a structural component Y that conveys a part of the overall work realized by X, such as volumes, chapters, or sections. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive. Any part of an expression that conveys complete propositions, such as a single phrase, can be documented using the more general property P148 has component (is component of). Any part of an expression that does not completely follow meaningful boundaries, such as lines or pages of text or portions visible on images, can be documented using the property P106 is composed of (forms part of), and not with R5 has component (is component of). Fragments, in particular, can be documented with the more specific property R15 has fragment (is fragment of). This property does not cover the relationship that exists between expressions that are realisations of different works, where one is re-used in a new, larger expression. Such a relationship is modelled by R75 incorporates (is incorporated in).
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: is component of

is exemplified by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Item
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with an instance of F5 Item that is one of its exemplars or its only exemplar. Instances of F5 Item correspond to the kinds of physical unit(s) specified in the manifestation, regardless of possible later changes. Even though an item may exhibit defects with respect to the intended manifestation, it is still regarded to carry the manifestation, as long as it is produced or made accessible as a functional item by its creators.
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation
sub property of: is carried by

is combined to form
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Nomen
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with another instance of F12 Nomen where the string of the domain instance of F12 Nomen includes the complete symbolic content of the string of the range instance of F12 Nomen. This property is not transitive. It is asymmetric and irreflexive. Shortcut of: F12 Nomen (1). R33 has string: E62 String (1). P190i is symbolic content of: E90 Symbolic Object (1): P106 is composed of: E90 Symbolic Object (2). P190 has symbolic content: E62 String (2). R33i is string of: F12 Nomen (2)
domain:
  ressource: Nomen

has member
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F1 Work with an instance of E28 Conceptual Object that represents a generalization of the work. The property can be used to group variant, alternative or related works that are considered to share a common concept. Whereas instances of F1 Work are always realised in instances of F2 Expression, there is no particular expression that fully conveys the instance of Conceptual Object that a work may be a member of. Intended usage of the property includes what is discussed as “superwork” in the library community. Typical examples are novels that can be grouped by fictional universes or common characters, paintings or graphical works that exist as a family of alternatives, musical compositions that are referred to as the same although they exist as particular versions that are each identified as an individual work. The instance of E28 Conceptual Object that has works as members will often be constructed for a specific purpose, such as bibliographic organization or retrieval.
domain:
  ressource: Conceptual Object

is issuing rule of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Serial Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F18 Serial Work with the instance of E29 Design or Procedure that specifies the issuing policy planned by this instance of F18 Serial Work, such as sequencing pattern, expected frequency and expected regularity. Shortcut of: F18 Serial Work. R19i was realised through: F30 Manifestation Creation. P16 used specific object (was used for): E29 Design or Procedure
domain:
  ressource: Design or Procedure

is fragment of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with an instance of F2 Expression of which it is a fragment. The fragment is not itself an instance of F2 Expression as it does not express any instance of F1 Work. When the fragment consists of intelligible words it is an instance of E33 Linguistic Object.An instance of E90 Symbolic Object is only considered a fragment of an instance of F2 Expression when related to its occurrence in a known or assumed whole by the R15 has fragment (is fragment of) property. The size of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object ranges from more than 99% of an instance of F2 Expression to tiny bits (a few words from a text, one bar from a musical composition, one detail from a still image, a two-second clip from a video, etc.).An instance of E90 Symbolic Object can become a fragment of an instance of F2 Expression through the deterioration over time of a carrier of the expression, such as when only fragments of a manuscript of an ancient text survive. Typically instances of E90 Symbolic Object that are of interest as fragments of expressions are formed deliberately, such as when excerpts are taken from a text by the compiler of a collection of excerpts, or citations from one expression are used in another text.
domain:
  ressource: Symbolic Object
sub property of: forms part of

was created by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work Creation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the initial creation of a work and the instance of F1 Work that was created.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: was created by

was created by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression Creation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F2 Expression that was externalised during a particular instance of F28 Expression Creation event with that particular creation event. An instance of expression creation creates an instance of expression and also creates any expressions that are parts of that expression.
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: was created by

was realised through
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression Creation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F28 Expression Creation with the instance of F1 Work which was externalised in an instance of F2 Expression created by this creation event.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: was used for

was created through
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation Creation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates the instance of F3 Manifestation that was created during a particular instance of F30 Manifestation Creation with that instance of F30 Manifestation Creation event.
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation
sub property of: was created by

was materialized by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Item Production Event
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F32 Item Production Event with the set of signs provided by the publisher to be carried by all of the produced items (i.e., the instances of F5 Item) and any other physical features foreseen as integral to the instance of F3 Manifestation that is materialised.
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation
sub property of: was used for

was produced by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Item Production Event
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F32 Item Production Event with any one of the produced items (i.e., the instances of F5 Item).
domain:
  ressource: Item
sub property of: was produced by

was object reproduced by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Reproduction Event
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F33 Reproduction Event with an instance of F5 Item it reproduces.
domain:
  ressource: Item
sub property of: was used for

was publication reproduced by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Reproduction Event
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F33 Reproduction Event with an instance of F3 Manifestation it reproduces.
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation
sub property of: was used for

[NO_INVERSE_LABEL_FOUND]
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Nomen
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with a sign or arrangement of signs that is used to refer to something through that instance of F12 Nomen.
domain:
  ressource: String
sub property of: [NO_INVERSE_LABEL_FOUND]

specifies
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Nomen
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with an instance of F2 Expression which documents, defines or provides evidence for the particular nomen in the stated sense.
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: is referred to by

is script conversion used in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Nomen
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with an instance of F36 Script Conversion that is used to create the E62 String used in that instance of F12 Nomen from the string used in another instance of F12 Nomen that co-refers with the first nomen (the instances of F12 Nomen are related via the R56 has related form (is related form of) property). The source of this conversion may or may not be explicitly mentioned. Shortcut of:F12 Nomen. R17i was created by (created): E65 Creation. P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure
domain:
  ressource: Script Conversion

is language of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Nomen
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with an instance of E56 Language which is the language used for or associated with the nomen.
domain:
  ressource: Language
sub property of: is type of

is related form of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Nomen
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with another instance of F12 Nomen which co-refers to the same instance of E1 CRM Entity. This property is not transitive. It is symmetric and irreflexive. The property R56.1 has type allows for specifying the particular kind of relationship that holds between the domain nomen and the range nomen, such as by being a derivation, an alternative, a lexical variant, etc. Typing the association may cause loss of symmetry. Shortcut of:E89 Propositional Object (1). P67 refers to: E1 CRM Entity. P67i is referred to by: E89 Propositional Object (2)
domain:
  ressource: Nomen

forms part of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F1 Work with another instance of F1 Work that forms part of it in a complementary role to other sibling parts, conceived at some point in time to form together a logical whole, such as the parts of a trilogy. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: is component of

is inspiration for
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F1 Work with another instance of F1 Work whose content was inspired by that instance of F1 Work. The content of the range work instance served in some way as a source of ideas for the domain work instance. Neither instance of F1 Work may be a part of the other. This property is not transitive. It is irreflexive. Shortcut of: F1 Work (2). R16i was created by: F27 Work Creation. P15 was influenced by: F1 Work (1)
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: features are also found on

is physical form of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with an instance of E55 Type describing the kind of physical form that characterizes instances of F5 Item carrying this F3 Manifestation.In the case of instances of manifestations intended to be rendered by mediation (such as with electronic devices), the form also indicates the kind of equipment and software tools necessary.
domain:
  ressource: Type
sub property of: is type of

is dimension of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with an instance of E54 Dimension that describes aspects of its symbolic content, such as word counts, or describes the kind of physical form that characterizes instances of F5 Item carrying this F3 Manifestation, such as number of pages. This inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation. R7i is exemplified by: F5 Item. P43 has dimension (is dimension of): E54 Dimension. It can happen that a given item, or subset of items, originally produced, or intended to be produced, with a certain value for a particular kind of dimension, has a different value for this kind of dimension by accident. This fact should be recorded as a property of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation.
domain:
  ressource: Dimension
sub property of: is dimension of

is part of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation with a structural part of it that is itself an instance of F3 Manifestation. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation
sub property of: is component of

bears representative attribute for
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F1 Work with instances of F2 Expression that bear attributes which are used to characterize the work. The instance of F2 Expression in question must be one that realizes that instance of F1 Work. An instance of F2 Expression may or may not serve as source of representative expression attributes for its associated instance of F1 Work. If it does, it may provide one attribute or many. Only one or more than one of the instances of F2 Expression associated with an instance of F1 Work may provide attributes that characterize that instance of F1 Work. The representative expression attributes can all come from the same expression or from more than one expressions.
domain:
  ressource: Expression

has expression used in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F1 Work with another instance of F1 Work where all expressions of the former will include some expression of the latter. This property is not transitive. It is irreflexive. This property represents the generalized relationship between works that is described at the expression level using R75 incorporates (is incorporated in).
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: features are also found on

is incorporated in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with an instance of F2 Expression that is an integral part of the first, but where the latter realises a different instance of F1 Work from the first. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive.
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: is incorporated in

has derivative
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with another instance of F2 Expression which was its source or one of its sources. This property is not transitive. It is asymmetric and irreflexive. This property is also a shortcut of the fully developed path: F2 Expression (1). P16i was used for: F28 Expression Creation. R17 created: F2 Expression (2). The property R76.1 has type of this property allows for specifying the kind of derivation, such as translation, revision, etc.
domain:
  ressource: Expression
sub property of: features are also found on

is accompanied or complemented by
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates one instance of F1 Work with another instance of F1 Work which is intended to accompany it or to function as a complement for it. This property is neither transitive nor intransitive. It is generally not symmetric and it is irreflexive. In many but not all cases, one of the instances of F1 Work is primary and can be used without the other work, while the other is secondary and depends on the first work (such as a work that is a concordance for another work). In some cases a work may have been created to accompany or complement a specific expression of another work. The link to the source expression can be indicated using the property P16 used specific object (was used for) using the path: F1 Work(1). R3 is realised in: F2 Expression(1). P16i was used for: F27 Work Creation. R16 created: F1 Work(2). Shortcut of: F1 Work. P19i was made for: E7 Activity. P19 was intended use of: F1 Work
domain:
  ressource: Work

has alternate
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Manifestation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates one instance of F3 Manifestation with another instance of F3 Manifestation that exemplifies the same instance of F2 Expression, when the two instances of F3 Manifestation can be used as alternatives for each other in particular use cases. This property is transitive and symmetric. It is irreflexive.The alternative manifestations may be in the same physical form, for example, simultaneous publications in different markets. More frequently, the alternative relationship is established when the alternative manifestations are in different physical forms, designed to enable use of the same content with different playback equipment (such as a DVD and Blu-ray disc version of the same videorecording).
domain:
  ressource: Manifestation

is representative expression attribute of
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Work
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F1 Work with an instance of E55 Type that describes a category of attribute that is considered essential in characterizing instances of F1 Work. The types of interest will vary depending on the kind of work. The value of the attribute is considered representative of the instance of F1 Work. It is normally inferred from the values attributed to instances of F2 Expression that realize the work and that are considered canonical or best representative of the work. The values may also be assigned from characteristics abstracted from a more or less nebulous network of similar expressions. There is no requirement to precisely identify one or more expressions which serve as sources for the values of the types serving as representative expression attributes; however, if this is known, an instance of F2 Expression considered representative of an F1 Work may be related to the instance of F1 Work using the R73 takes representative attribute from (bears representative attribute for) property.
domain:
  ressource: Type
sub property of: is type of

is performed in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Performance
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F31 Performance with an instance of F1 Work. The property is used to express the association between an instance of F31 Performance and the instance of F1 Work it conveys.
domain:
  ressource: Work
sub property of: features are also found on

is recorded in
type: Property
range:
  ressource: Expression Creation
comment: This property is the inverse of the forward property described in the scope note that follows. This property associates an instance of F28 Expression Creation with an instance of F31 Performance that it records.This property allows for the documentation of the association that exists between the outcome of an instance of F28 Expression Creation such as a performance recording, and the instance of F31 Performance that it is a recording of. For documenting performances that are more integral and planned parts of an expression creation (such as the recording of a performance solely done for the purpose of audio or video productions), the use of the property P9 consist of (forms part of) is more specific (and appropriate).
domain:
  ressource: Performance